Introduction and Method
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Variants of plant diets include those that tout fruits, Chapter 14’s subject. Known as fruitarianism or frugivory, this approach need not restrict consumption to dessert fruits because the botanical definition of a fruit encompasses all structures, developing from the ovary after pollination, that hold seeds. Anyone who has grown tomatoes (Solanum esculentum) in the garden has witnessed fruit production. Maturing from a flower’s ovary, tomatoes are fruits rather than vegetables despite an 1893 U.S. Supreme Court decision, discussed in Chapter 14, to the contrary.34 Other foods usually deemed vegetables qualify for inclusion within fruitarianism. Although the garden pea (Pisum sativum)—a subject of Chapter 8—is a seed, it develops in pods. Because they bear seeds and develop from the flower, the pods are fruits. This logic applies to other seed legumes, though consumption of pods and seeds rather than just seeds is necessary to satisfy the definition of fruit. Some nuts (see Chapter 9), peppers (Capsicum species), eggplants (Solanum melongena), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo) and other squashes (Cucurbita species), olives (Olea europaea), and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) are also fruits and so permissible for consumption among fruitarians.
Future Prospects for Cereal and Legume Production
Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar in Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Groundnut is the most widely grown major legume worldwide – cultivated in 118 countries and occupies more than 22.6 million ha with average yield of about 1.6 tonne per hectare (Abate et al. 2012). This legume crop is significantly grown in the semi-arid tropics where stressful environments affect their productivity and seed quality. China, India, USA, Nigeria and Myanmar are the top producers of groundnuts. Pigeon pea is the least widely grown (about 4.7 million ha) major tropical legume worldwide – including South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. India and Myanmar account for about 72 per cent and 16 per cent, respectively, of world production. Lentil production constituted 5.7 per cent of the total dry pulse production of 60 million tons in 2007–2008, ranking sixth in production among pulses after dry bean, pea, chickpea, broad bean and cowpea. Lentils are very important in the diet in several very poor countries such as Bangladesh, Eritrea, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The only significant lentil producers outside Asia are Australia, Canada and the USA, all of which grow the crop for export to Asia (Erskine et al. 2011). In Asia, lentil production is concentrated in two major regions: South and West Asia. In South Asia the crop is grown on 1.8 million ha area exclusively as a post-rainy season crop on residual moisture.
Ethnic Food Plants and Ethnic Food Preparation in Western and Central Himalayas
T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur in Ethnobotany of India, 2017
Angchok et al. (2009) reported different food preparation from Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir. Breads are made from wheat flour (Paqphey) as well as barley flour (narjen- meaning uncooked barley) or a mixture of the two. Breads are also made from pea or lentil flour. Sometimes, pea and wheat are mixed and ground into flour which makes it more nourishing and palatable. For example Tagi Khambir or Skyurchuk (Browned sour dough bread); Tagi Buskhuruk (Puffed unleavened bread); Tagi Thalkhuruk (Bread uncovered and baked in ashes); Tagi Mer-Khour; Tagi Thal-Khour; Tagi Tain-Tain; Tagi Kiseer/Giziri; Skien/Mayaro; Kaptsey/Makhori; Tagi Tsabkhur (Ground sprouted wheat bread); Sephe Tagi (Freshly sprouted wheat bread); Khura (Sweet deep fried biscuits); Ready to serve Kholak (tsampa/namphey mixed in butter tea); Tsiri Kholak (diluted chhang kholak); Sbangphe (Chhang residue kholak); Chuu kholak; Cha Kholak; Der Kholak; Chhang Kholak; Phemar (Kholak for the sweet-tooth); Chubtsos (one of the major ingredients of phemar); Kushi Phey Kholak (crushed dried apple with namphey); Chuli Phe Kholak (powdered dried apricot with namphey); Baril (walnut and apricot kernel dip); Thud (butter and dried cheese brick); Ruskhu (soup made from bones), etc. are main food preparations.
Gut bacterial aromatic amine production: aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and its effects on peripheral serotonin production
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yuta Sugiyama, Yumiko Mori, Misaki Nara, Yusuke Kotani, Emiko Nagai, Hiroki Kawada, Mayu Kitamura, Rika Hirano, Hiromi Shimokawa, Akira Nakagawa, Hiromichi Minami, Aina Gotoh, Mikiyasu Sakanaka, Noriho Iida, Takashi Koyanagi, Takane Katayama, Shigefumi Okamoto, Shin Kurihara
Several human AADC inhibitors have been clinically used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,51 and these inhibitors may be candidates for drug repositioning. We evaluated whether human AADC inhibitors (carbidopa, methyldopa, and benserazide [Figure 6a]) could inhibit PEA production of En. faecalis and R. gnavus, which produced PEA in vitro (Figure 2d and 2e). Severe growth deficiency was not observed with any tested AADC inhibitors (Supplementary Figure S5A and S5B). PEA production in En. faecalis was strongly inhibited by carbidopa and benserazide, however methyldopa did not inhibit PEA production (Figure 6b and Supplementary Figure S5C). Surprisingly, tyramine concentration in the culture supernatant of En. faecalis did not change when treated with carbidopa and benserazide (Figure 6c and Supplementary Figure S5D). None of the tested human AADC inhibitors inhibited PEA production by R. gnavus (Figure 6d and Supplementary Figure S5E). Although carbidopa and benserazide significantly reduced tyramine production by R. gnavus (Supplementary Figure S5F), they also significantly reduced R. gnavus growth (Supplementary Figure S5B). Therefore, the tested inhibitors exerted no significant effects after the tyramine concentration of R. gnavus was normalized to bacterial growth (OD600) (Figure 6e).
Consumption of Decorticated Pulses Ensures the Optimum Intake of Isoflavones by the Urban Indian Population
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Anuradha Deorukhkar, Laxmi Ananthanarayan
Pigeon pea (S-split, D-decorticated) green pea, white pea, black pea, lentil (W-whole), lentil (S-split, D-decorticated), black-eyed pea, red cowpea/adzuki bean, white cowpea/adzuki bean, green gram (W-whole), green gram (S-split, D-decorticated), black gram (W-whole), black gram (S-split, D-decorticated), mothbean, soybean, hyacinth bean, chickpea, kabuli (W-whole) chickpea, desi (W-whole), chickpea (S-split, D-decorticated), kidney bean, double beans, groundnut, horsegram, fenugreek were obtained from local supermarket of Mumbai, India. Genistein (99%) and daidzein (99%) standards were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co, India. Methanol (HPLC grade), HCl, acetone, toluene, ethyl acetate and formic acid of AR grade were purchased from SD Fine-chem ltd, India. F254 TLC silica gel plates were purchased from Merck, India.
Validation of the energy balance approach for design of vertical lifeline systems
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Wen Cong Lim, Shazed Mohammad Tashrif, Yang Miang Goh, Soo Jin Adrian Koh
The force–time charts captured by the data acquisition equipment (DAE) allow for the estimation of the Favg of the PEAs used in the tests. Since the same brand and model of Type 2 PEAs was used throughout this study and a parallel study on a HLLS, a total of 39 samples with xPEA longer than 0.4 m were used to estimate Favg. Thirteen of the samples were taken from the VLLS tests conducted in this study and 26 other samples were taken from a series of tests on a HLLS. In accordance with Goh [28], each set of force–time was truncated by identifying the region where the arrest force stabilizes, as shown by two examples in Figure 5. This approach of estimating Favg is also consistent with the approach adopted by Miura [21]. The Favg was determined to be 4380 N.
Related Knowledge Centers
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