Nutritional requirements
Judy More in Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
The relevant units used for dietary requirements are as follows:Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) – the average daily amount of a nutrient that is considered to be enough to meet the requirements of 97 per cent of the population of each age group of children. This means only 3 in 100 children would require an amount higher than this. It is used as the daily recommendation for protein, vitamins and minerals.Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) provides the daily amount of a nutrient to meet the dietary requirements of the lowest 3 per cent of a population.Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the daily mean/average requirement for each age group and would only be enough for 50 per cent of a population. It is used for energy requirements.
A Protein-Centric Perspective for Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Health
Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss in Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Historically, protein requirements have been viewed as the minimum amount of dietary protein per day necessary to achieve efficient growth or prevent deficiencies. For adults, growth is not relevant and acute deficiencies are rare. Instead, adult protein requirements are based on an Estimated Average Requirement defined as the minimum amount of protein necessary to achieve nitrogen balance (Institute of Medicine, 2002). Nitrogen balance studies to determine the Estimated Average Requirement have been performed mostly in young healthy adults with short-term controlled feeding conditions. Protein intakes above that required for nitrogen balance have been viewed as unnecessary and possibly unsafe. While nitrogen balance is the conventional approach to define minimum protein requirements, it has no clear relationship to any health outcomes. Further, using the Estimated Average Requirement as the dietary guideline assumes that amino acid metabolism beyond minimum nitrogen balance provides no metabolic advantage and should be avoided. Nitrogen balance methods are widely criticized for underestimating optimal amino acid needs (Elango et al., 2008; Millward et al., 2008; Wolfe and Miller, 2008). Emphasis on adult health is shifting attention from simple nitrogen balance to functional health outcomes related to skeletal muscle mass, metabolic function, and physical performance.
Chronic Malnutrition
Crystal D. Karakochuk, Kyly C. Whitfield, Tim J. Green, Klaus Kraemer in The Biology of the First 1,000 Days, 2017
Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNI) [21] or Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) [22] have been set for individual nutrients and for specific age, sex, and physiological status (e.g., pregnant or breastfeeding) groups. These recommended intakes are for normal, healthy individuals, and are set at a level that would meet or exceed the needs of 97.5% of the specific group. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the level at which the needs of 50% of the population would be met or exceeded, which for most nutrients is at a level of approximately 70% of the RNI. For nutrients and age groups for which an RNI or EAR has not been established, which is particularly the case for young children, an Adequate Intake (AI) has been set, which is based on the actual intakes of apparently healthy individuals [22].
Dietary intake of first- and third-year female dietetics students at a South African university
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
Nikki L Verwey, Joyce Jordaan, Friedeburg AM Wenhold
The WFR data were exported via Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA) to IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).20 Energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated by comparing the mean total daily intakes across the recording days to relevant Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI),21 assuming an active physical activity level (PAL) of 1.6, as dietetics students had to move between two campuses and walk large distances on each campus between classes. In most cases the DRI referred to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Iron was compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), as intakes should not be assessed using the EAR cut-point method in women of childbearing age.22 Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) were calculated by dividing each participant’s mean daily intake of 10 selected nutrients (calcium, folate, iron, magnesium, riboflavin, vitamins A, B6, B12 and C and zinc) across the recording days by the relevant Recommended Dietary Allowance, expressed as a percentage. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was calculated by dividing the sum of the NAR (capped at 100%) by 10 (number of nutrients investigated) and multiplied by 100.23,24
Intake and Factors Associated with Consumption of Pureed Food in Long Term Care: An Analysis of Making the Most of Mealtimes (M3) Project
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2018
Vanessa Vucea, Heather H. Keller, Jill M. Morrison, Alison M. Duncan, Lisa M. Duizer, Christina O. Lengyel, Susan E. Slaughter
Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System software for Windows (Version 9.4). To examine resident characteristics, descriptive statistics were used to compute means for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables; a Student t-test was used to compare numerical resident characteristics between females and males, while a Chi-square test was used to compare categorical characteristics by sex. Energy, protein, micronutrients, and fibre intakes were adjusted for intra-individual variation using the procedure proposed by the National Research Council for estimating usual dietary intake distributions (55, 56). Percentile distributions were calculated for each nutrient and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method was applied to determine proportion below the EAR and thus prevalence of inadequacy (40, 41, 56). Where the EAR was not available, the Adequate Intake (AI) value was used instead to compare the median intake for that nutrient (40, 41, 56). In this case, groups with median intakes at or above the AI value were assumed to have a low prevalence of inadequate intakes, however no assessment of inadequate intake can be performed (40, 41, 56). It was not possible to estimate the proportion of male participants consuming a pureed diet that did not meet the EAR/AI because of an insufficient number of males in the sample (n = 16).
Feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2023
Rita Pinto-Silva, Ana Margarida Nunes Costa, Inês Tello-Rodrigues
Our study shows two other aspects related to feeding problems in ASD as possible consequences: anthropometrics and nutritional deviations (Attlee et al., 2015; Bandini et al., 2010; Bandini et al., 2018; Bicer & Alsaffar, 2013; Diolordi et al., 2014; Kral et al., 2014; Malhi et al., 2017; Siddiqi, Urooj, & D’Souza, 2019; Zimmer et al., 2012). For anthropometric deviations we are referring to weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI). There are several references to weight with not only a prevalence of obesity and being overweight but also low weight in children with ASD and feeding problems. This ostensible variant is likely to be associated with whether the limited foods consumed are energy dense (leading to overweight) or energy sparse (leading to underweight). Regarding nutritional intake, many authors reported an inadequate nutritional intake when compared with the estimated average requirement. Sharp et al. (2013) published a meta-analysis showing that individuals with ASD have different energy needs with underlying nutritional deficits.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Acceptable Daily Intake
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- Vitamin A
- Nutrition
- Reference Daily Intake
- Dietary Reference Value
- Standard Deviation
- Coefficient of Variation
- Hierarchy of Evidence