The Role of Physical Activity in the Development of Childhood Obesity *
Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger in Exercise and Disease, 2020
Although the pathogenesis of obesity remains elusive, the condition must be the end result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Energy intake is the caloric content of food that is consumed and absorbed into the body. When there is no change in body energy stores, total daily energy intake is equivalent to total daily energy expenditure. Total daily energy expenditure is composed of three components: resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and energy expenditure associated with physical activity. The resting metabolic rate constitutes about 60% of daily energy expenditure, and is the caloric cost of metabolic processes required to sustain physiological function. The resting metabolic rate is primarily body-size dependent, and is most significantly correlated with lean body mass.8 The thermic effect of food is the caloric cost of digestion and mobilization of food, comprising about 10% of daily energy expenditure.9 The energy expenditure associated with physical activity is the most variable component, and has been shown to range from between 30 and 80% of daily energy expenditure in sedentary women10 and Tour de France cyclists,11 respectively, and from between 10 and 43% of total energy expenditure in a group of healthy, free-living elderly persons.12 In children, the energy expenditure required for growth is significant only during early infancy and adolescence, and in young growing children only accounts for about 2% of daily energy expenditure.13
Nutritional Considerations for Cardiometabolic Health in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity
Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss in Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Although energy intake is a significant portion of the energy equation, the role of energy expenditure is also important. Physical activity is the only modifiable component of the energy expenditure portion of the energy balance equation. An increase in sedentary activity along with an overall decrease in physical activity are major contributing factors to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents (Dowda et al. 2001, Berkey et al. 2003). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children and adolescents participate in at least 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity most days of the week, preferably daily (American Academy of Pediatrics 2000). Strategies to increase physical activity should include increases in structured and nonstructured physical activity and reduction in the amount of time spent in sedentary activities (Goran and Treuth 2001).
The Case against Rapid Weight Loss
Charles Paul Lambert in Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Energy balance is the balance between energy (caloric) intake and energy output or caloric expenditure. Energy intake is simply the energy that you ingest. Energy expenditure is broken down into resting energy expenditure, energy expenditure related to exercise, that related to the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food, and non-exercise induced thermogenesis such as fidgeting. Weight loss for amateur wrestling should happen before the season while during the season weight should be maintained and practices and matches fueled with optimal nutrition for performance and recovery. I have come to the conclusion that successful weight loss can be boiled down into taking four components into consideration: (1) Documenting Energy Intake; (2) Monitoring Bodyweight; (3) Monitoring Muscular Strength; and (4) Calculating Resting Metabolic Rate and estimating the amount of energy to ingest (Calories). The prudent goal is a loss of 1–2 lbs/week over the course of the weight loss period since energy or caloric restriction of 40% or greater can reduce resting metabolic rate and cause negative hormonal changes. During the pre-season weight loss phase athletes should take in adequate protein for heavy weight training and long-distance running and should ingest 60% CHO, 20% Protein, and 20% Fat. Twenty percent protein will allow for ~1.5 g Protein/kg bodyweight/day. Diets with about this much more protein or higher protein should spare fat-free mass (i.e., muscle mass) from being lost as a result of weight loss.
Assessment of Cardiometabolic Health, Diet and Physical Activity in Helicopter Rescue Paramedics
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2022
Ben Meadley, Luke Perraton, Karen Smith, Maxine P. Bonham, Kelly-Ann Bowles
Dietary intake was assessed using the validated Australian Eating Survey (AES) Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) (14). The AES assesses intake of 120 commonly consumed foods, alongside 15 behavioral and demographic questions pertaining to the previous six months. The questionnaire is categorized according to the food groups of drinks, breads and cereals, main meals, fruit and vegetables, dairy products, sweets, and snacks. Adult portion sizes are standardized and are determined from data of the National Nutrition Survey (14). Overall energy intake, and food group contribution to average energy intake is calculated. Additionally, the FFQ produces a diet quality index, termed the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). The ARFS is a tool used to score overall diet quality, and scores for six food group categories (35). Results of the ARFS are compared against a maximum score and total ARFS is ranked as: “needs work,” “getting there,” “excellent,” or “outstanding.”
Cardiometabolic, Dietary and Physical Health in Graduate Paramedics during the First 12-Months of Practice – A Longitudinal Study
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2022
Ben Meadley, Alexander P. Wolkow, Karen Smith, Luke Perraton, Kelly-Ann Bowles, Maxine P. Bonham
At the baseline, 6- and 12-month timepoints, dietary intake was assessed using the validated Australian Eating Survey (AES) Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) (16). The AES assesses intake of 120 commonly consumed foods, alongside 15 behavioral and demographic questions pertaining to the previous six months. The questionnaire is categorized according to the food groups of drinks, breads and cereals, main meals, fruit and vegetables, dairy products, sweets and snacks. Adult portion sizes are standardized and are determined from data of the Australian National Nutrition Survey (16). Overall energy intake, and food group contribution to average energy intake is calculated. The AES report output groups foods into core (i.e., non-processed and fresh foods) and non-core foods (i.e., take-away and highly processed foods). Additionally, the AES produces a diet quality index, termed the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). The ARFS is a tool used to score overall diet quality, and scores for six food group categories (24). Results of the ARFS are compared against a maximum score and total ARFS is ranked as: “needs work”, “getting there”, “excellent”, or “outstanding”.
The five most significant barriers to healthy eating in collegiate student-athletes
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Kyle Brauman, Rebecca Achen, Jennifer L. Barnes
The performance and recovery benefits of an optimal diet for athletes cannot be overstated. Appropriate energy intake supports general body functioning, assists in body composition alterations, and bolsters athletic performance.1 For example, when an athlete is chronically hypocaloric, undesirable side effects can be observed including decreases in aerobic and anaerobic performance, glycogen stores, coordination and concentration, muscle strength, and endurance, as well as increases in the risk for depression, injury, and impaired judgment.1 Despite these negative effects, many athletes fail to consume an adequate diet with optimal energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes thus warranting intervention by someone with specialized knowledge in nutrition, like a registered dietitian (RD).2–9
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