Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Fred W Wright in Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Caplan (1953) described rapidly enlarging nodules in coal-miners, which could precede overt rheumatoid arthritis, and with only a slight or absent or absent background picture of pneumoconiosis. Radiographically there were multiple, well-defined round opacities (0.5 to 5 cm in diameter) distributed throughout the lungs (Fig. 19.11a); cavitation and calcification also occurred. The nodules tended to appear suddenly, and before, coincident-with or after the onset of arthritis. Some patients had a few nodules, others more. In some the nodules coalesced and became indistinguishable from progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). In 1959 Caplan noted that pulmonary nodules could antedate the onset of arthritis by up to 10 years, and in 1962 noted the presence of smaller nodules (0.3 to 1 cm in diameter) in rheumatoid arthritis. Caplan type nodules may also be found with other dust diseases - asbestosis (Rickards and Barrett, 1958, Morgan, 1961, Telletson, 1961, Mattson, 1971, Greaves, 1979), iron foundry workers (Caplan et al., 1958), boiler scalers (Campbell, 1958), tile makers (Hayes and Posner. 1960), the making of grinding wheels (Posner, 1960), soap abrasive manufacture (Morgan and Wolfel, 1966), workers with china clay, talc, dolomite (Antilla. 1984), etc.
Chemical Factors
Michael J. Kennish in Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Calcium and magnesium are two of the major cations in rivers, estuaries, and oceans (Tables 2 and 4). Calcium typically is the most abundant cation in river water, but is less abundant than sodium and magnesium in seawater. River water contains calcium and magnesium in association with bicarbonate; as alluded to previously, calcium gets actively removed from estuarine and oceanic waters by biological processes (e.g., shell secretion by organisms). Magnesium removal from marine waters takes place during the formation of the minerals dolomite, high magnesium calcite, and chlorite (from the transformation of montmorillonite), although these processes may not be quantitatively important.26 The coprecipitation of magnesium with calcium carbonate by shell-secreting organisms also extracts magnesium.
Radionuclide Concentrations in Water
Michael Pöschl, Leo M. L. Nollet in Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment, 2006
In the following sections, several applications of disequilibrium phenomena to solve real groundwater problems will be discussed. There are two kinds of systems: conservative and nonconservative. In the conservative system, any changes in radionuclide concentrations can be interpreted as the result of the mixing of different water masses, and it is usually applied to waters that have achieved the steady-state conditions between the dissolved and solid material. One of the first applications of this idea was to trace the input of seawater in a cavernous dolomite in south Florida [137]. Considering the constancy of content (3.3 ppb uranium) and the 234U/ 238U activity ratio in seawater, the authors confirm that the cold saline water of a specific zone (called the Boulder Zone) is actually seawater that enters the aquifer, since the uranium concentrations and the activity ratios were within the values of seawater.
Development of an algorithm for effective design of respirator half-masks and encapsulated particle filters
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Serhii Cheberyachko, Yurii Cheberyachko, Mykola Naumov, Oleg Deryugin
The cross-sectional area of the test chamber is – 0.4 m2, as required by the procedure according to the requirements of Standard No. EN 13274-8:2005. The concentration of dolomite dust was provided equal to 500 ± 50 mg/m3. The time of dust contamination was determined by the achievement of the finite pressure difference at the half-masks in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. EN 143:2000/A1. Using the ejector 3 and the compressor 1 at an air flow rate of 60 m3/h, the dolomite dust was fed from the dust generator 10 through the diffuser 4 and dust distributor 11 to the test chamber 13. The diffuser and distributor in the test stand design ensure uniform distribution of dust and air flow over the chamber height. The air flow in the chamber is controlled by the flow meter 6. To remove dust from the chamber and protect the environment, the exhaust fan 7 with the cyclone 5 is installed.
Integrating inert dusts with other technologies in stored products protection
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Masumeh Ziaee, Asgar Ebadollahi, Waqas Wakil
The search for alternatives to chemical insecticides and fumigants resulted in the proposal to employ inert dusts for stored products protection (Allen 2000, Fields and Korunic 2002). According to Subramanyam and Roesli (2000), inert dusts are classified into four groups. The first group includes clays, sand, paddy husk ash, and wood ash. The second group includes mineral dusts such as dolomite, magnesite, copper oxychloride, katelsous limestone (calcium carbonate) and salt (sodium chloride) they have been traditionally used in the past and are not being used in commercial stores and silos. The third group includes inert dusts that contain synthetic silica (silicon dioxide). The last group includes inert dusts that contain natural silica like diatomaceous earth and zeolite.
Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi
The capacity of water to neutralize a strong acid is measured by alkalinity. Alkalinity in water is usually provided by salts of carbonates, silicates, and other minerals, as well as free hydroxyl ions (Trivedi and Goel 1986). Carbon dioxide reacts with water and carbonate minerals like limestone and dolomite to generate bicarbonate (HCO3). The concentration of HCO3 was found to range between 0 and 5 mg/L, with an average of 1.382 mg/L. It was found to be lower than the standard limit of 250 mg/L set by the WHO (2017) and NIS (2007). Alkalinity is produced by bicarbonate and carbonate. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonates breakdown in steam boilers, forming scale and releasing caustic carbon dioxide gas (Zakir et al.2020).