Potential Significance of Proteases
Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt in Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Amylases are starch hydrolyzing plant enzymes. Starch is a substrate that can be obtained for commercial utilization from the roots and tubers of plants, for example, potato, cassava, pith of sago palm, arrowroot, and seeds of plants, such as wheat, corn, rice, or sorghum. Corn is the most important commercialized source of thickener or starch, from where starch compounds can be extracted by wet milling procedure. Amylase enzymes are currently being used for different purposes. The most important share of starch-processing industry can be justified by the transformation of starch into dextrin, syrup, and sugar. Hydrolysates of starch compounds are being utilized in fermentation as a source of carbon along with sweetness source in a variety of synthetic beverages and food products.76
An Overview of Molecular Nutrition
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
The absorption and digestion of carbohydrates varies by the type of carbohydrate. For both sugars and starches, the absorption and digestion processes are dependent upon a series of enzymes located throughout the digestive tract. The long chains of sugars or starches are broken down into shorter chains of carbohydrates. Starting in the mouth, starch polysaccharides are made into shorter chains of dextrin by the salivary enzyme, amylase. Dextrin then is broken down into maltose by pancreatic amylase. Sugars, such as sucrose and lactose, are broken down at the pancreatic stage also by amylase. The resultant sugars from amylase are monosaccharides – glucose, galactose, fructose – are then absorbed in the small intestine. Once through the small intestine enterocytes, the monosaccharides enter the blood stream and through the portal vein circulate to the liver.
Metabolic Disorders III
John F. Pohl, Christopher Jolley, Daniel Gelfond in Pediatric Gastroenterology, 2014
GSD III (Cori disease or Forbes disease) is caused by mutations in the AGL gene on 1p21 resulting in deficient activity of glycogen debranching enzyme. Debranching enzyme has two separate catalytic sites that remove branched outer chains from glycogen. Defects in this enzyme result in the accumulation of structurally abnormal glycogen, called limit dextrin. GSD IIIa affects both liver and muscle and accounts for 85% of patients with GSD III; type IIIb affects only the liver. During infancy and childhood, hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia can be severe. In adolescence and adulthood, the hypoglycemia tends to become milder and a progressive myopathy becomes the predominant feature. A hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can occur, and marked elevations in hepatic transaminases and creatine kinase concentrations are seen prior to commencement of treatment.
Biomedical potential of clay nanotube formulations and their toxicity assessment
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Ana Cláudia Santos, Irina Pereira, Salette Reis, Francisco Veiga, Mahdi Saleh, Yuri Lvov
Additional modifications of the surface have been carried out for drug targeting through cellular recognition. HNTs have been modified by dextrin coating. Figure 5(a4) images a dextrin cap at the end of the nanotube. It is enzyme-responsive and targets drug release to the intracellular medium through the enzymatic degradation of dextrin with glycosyl hydrolases [7]. A folic acid was also used in order to target the drug release to over-expressed folate-receptor cells [31,32] and biotin [33]. A redox-responsive target capability was also allowed by the presence of a disulfide bond between thiol groups and per-thiol-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-(SH)7), sensible to glutathione present in high concentration in cancer cells [31]. Other targeting strategies sensible to the glutathione is the linkage of cysteamine by a disulfide bond to the external surface of HNTs [34]. Drug-loaded HNTs may be embedded into bulk polymers [3], gels (as nanoparticles-in-microgel oral systems (NiMOS)) [14,35] and electrospun microfibers [25,36,37], which contribute to the stability enhancement of the system and attribute much longer drug release (up to two weeks).
Clay nanoparticles as pharmaceutical carriers in drug delivery systems
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Jiani Dong, Zeneng Cheng, Songwen Tan, Qubo Zhu
PH is a good choice for designing stimulatory drug delivery systems in a variety of external stimuli, because of the slightly acidic environment of cancer cells. To achieve such stimulation-responsive drug delivery systems, special gatekeepers, which can selectively release drugs in response to specific stimuli, must be grafted onto the MSNs surface. These gatekeepers include liposomes, synthetic polymers, biomolecules, cyclodextrins, and other inorganic nanoparticles. Li et al [102]. chose modified ph-sensitive dextrin as the gatekeeper and prepared a ph-sensitive anticancer drug delivery system. They covered the surface of MCM-41 with modified dextrin and loaded it with DOX as a model drug. Under normal physiological conditions, the system did not leak the drug, but at pH 5–6.8, the modified dextrin ruptured and released the drug. PDA(polydopamine) is also a common gatekeeper for controlling drug release, not only as photothermal therapy(PTT) agent, but also highly sensitive to pH. PDA is connected to the surface of MSNs loaded with DOX by a disulfide bond, enabling it to have a synergistic effect of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. PDA has excellent photothermal conversion performance, in the near-infrared light irradiation (NIR), the rising temperature can accelerate the release of drugs. This redox/pH/NIR-multi-responsive drug delivery system improves efficiency and biocompatibility and is a potential target release drug delivery system [103].
Danggui Niantong granules ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis by regulating intestinal flora and promoting mitochondrial apoptosis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Qi-Jin Lu, Jia-Yu Li, Hong-Xin Lin, Yi-Si Cai, Chang-Shun Liu, Li-Ping Fu, Gang Liu, Li-Xia Yuan
DGNTG is composed of 15 Chinese medicinal herbs as shown in Table 1. DGNTG was provided by Jiangxi Xinglin Baima Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Jiangxi, China), batch number 2017B02868. To prepare the granules, 15 medicinal herbs were divided into four portions and extracted four times with distilled water by decoction, the extracts were filtered, mixed and dried to a powder. DGNTG was prepared from these powders and dextrin was added appropriately. Quality control of DGNTG was analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). DGNTG was diluted to obtain a final concentration of 4 mg/mL using methanol. The mixture was sonicated, centrifuged and filtered. Baicalin was used as a standard for identification of the components of DGNTG. HPLC was performed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity II System with Variable Wavelength Detector (VWD).