Nutritional Interventions for the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Disorders *
Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi in Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Curcuminoid is a blend of demethoxycurcumin (DMC), bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), and curcumin, and the principle synthetic constituent found in turmeric, mostly used spice, having prospective in the treatment of AD. There is generous proof supporting the idea that mixes got from the restorative plants have assumed a main job in numerous diseases, especially in dementia. Curcumin was similarly powerful in scopolamine-actuated amnesia, and it demonstrated particularly less viability in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory action when contrasted with the parent curcuminoid blend or two different mixes. As the inhibition of AChE represents one out of various mechanisms in memory shortfalls in AD, all things considered, curcumin would show more viability in its memory-improving impact in different models. In any case, it has additionally discovered that individual mixes of the curcuminoids demonstrated a superior impact on memory, which is in contrast with the parent curcuminoid blend (Ahmed et al., 2010).
Chemopreventive Agents
David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz in Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Curcumin was discovered 200 years ago in 1815 when Vogel and Pelletier reported a “yellow coloring-matter” extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa which they named curcumin, although its chemical structure was not elucidated until 1910. Two related compounds were later identified in turmeric with similar structures to curcumin apart from the loss of one (i.e., desmethoxycurcumin) or two (i.e., bis-desmethoxycurcumin) methoxy groups. All these curcumin compounds are natural phenols, which, in association with their internal conjugated heptene chain, provides them with a bright yellow color. Due to its attractive color, curcumin is used as a food coloring additive known as E100. It is also known as the yellow dye Natural Yellow 3.
Phytoextracts and Their Derivatives Affecting Neurotransmission Relevant to Alzheimer’s Disease
Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina in Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Curcuminoids (a mixture of curcumin, bisdemethoxy- curcumin and demethoxycurcumin) [Figure 21.3 (XLVIII)] are the active principles of turmeric (Curcuma longa; Family: Zingiberaceae), a well-known Ayurvedic medicinal plant. In vitro experiments with curcuminoids showed significant AChE inhibitory potential with IC50 value of 19.67 μM, while bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and curcumin inhibited AChE with IC50 value of 16.84, 33.14, and 67.69 μM, respectively (Ahmed and Gilani, 2009).
Curcumin analogues exert potent inhibition on human and rat gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as potential therapeutic agents: structure-activity relationship and in silico docking
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Xinyi Qiao, Lei Ye, Jialin Lu, Chengshuang Pan, Qianjin Fei, Yang Zhu, Huitao Li, Han Lin, Ren-shan Ge, Yiyan Wang
In Asia and Africa, Curcuma (turmeric), the rhizome of the perennial herb Curcuma longa L., is widely used as functional food additive to humans and animals. Since the last century, the main bioactive component of turmeric has been identified as curcuminoids. The major component of curcuminoids is curcumin (Figure 1(A)), a beta-diketone polyphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. Curcuminoids isolated from turmeric usually contain 65% curcumin (CUR) and 35% de-methoxylated curcumin: 25% demethoxycurcumin (DMC) that has one de-methoxylated group in one of benzene rings and 10% bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) that has two de-methoxylated groups in two benzene rings (Figure 1(A))1. CUR in plants and animals can be metabolised into dihydrocurcumin (DHC) after one of the double bonds is reduced, or tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) after two double bonds are reduced by gut microbiota, and octahydrocurcumin (OHC) after all double bonds in the bridge moiety are reduced. Curcuminoids have been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-malarial, anti-septic, anti-tumour, analgesic, and anti-virus COVID-19 activity2–6. DMC retains some of the beneficial properties of curcumin, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects7. BDMC has been reported to have anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines and animal models8.
Characterization and ex vivo evaluation of curcumin nanoethosomes for melanoma treatment
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Nashiru Billa, Lim Yang Mooi, Andrew P. Morris
Curcumin, a phenolic compound, is commonly found in Curcuma longa Linn. (turmeric) (Naksuriya et al. 2014). The medicinal properties of turmeric are attributed mainly due to the presence of curcuminoids in the rhizome. Curcumin is one of three curcuminoids present in turmeric, and the amount varies between 2% and 5%, constituting approximately 77% of the total curcuminoid content. The other two compounds are demethoxycurcumin (17–20%) and bis-demethoxycurcumin (5–10%). Studies report a range of pharmacological activities attributed to curcumin such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects (Sun et al. 2012). Although curcumin possesses wide pharmacological activities, its use as a medicinal agent is hindered due to its poor water solubility and instability (Vijayan et al. 2020).
Complexity of Tumor Microenvironment: Therapeutic Role of Curcumin and Its Metabolites
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Sahdeo Prasad, Priyanka Saha, Bilash Chatterjee, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Rajiv Lall, Amit K Srivastava
Curcumin (known as diferuloylmethane) found in the rhizome of the turmeric (Curcuma spp) plant, basicallyis a polyphenol. It displays either keto or enol tautomerism based on the pH of the solution. In acidic conditions, curcumin exists in keto-form while in the alkaline conditions it exhibits enol form (7). Usually, curcumin is present with its related compounds demethoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxycurcumin, together referred to as curcuminoids. Turmeric rhizome contains only 1–6% of curcuminoids, among which 60–70% contribute curcumin, with the remaining as demethoxycurcumin (20–27%), and bis-demethoxycurcumin (10–15%) (8). Although curcumin is chemically stable in acidic environments, it can undergo autoxidation at physiological pH and form a series of bicyclopentadione products. In alkaline media, curcumin can degrade to several other products including vanillin, ferulic acid, feruloyl-methane etc. Photodegradation can also occur in curcumin, which may affect its structure, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties (9).