Components of Nutrition
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Glucose is one of several sugars available in foods. All cannot receive treatment here, but a handful has played important dietary and historical roles. Fructose, along with glucose, is the sugar in honey, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and many fruits and vegetables. Fructose has the same formula as glucose but a different structure and a unique metabolic pathway in the body. Chemists categorize the two as isomers because of these properties. Among natural sugars, fructose tastes sweetest. Sweetness is potent in HFCS, examined in Chapter 11, a product of corn starch. In the 1960s, American and Japanese chemists treated corn starch with enzymes to generate corn syrup. Addition of the enzyme xylose isomerase converted some of the resulting glucose into fructose such that HFCS is typically 45 percent glucose and 55 percent fructose, though the latter may be up to 90 percent.28 By comparison, sucrose, discussed below, is roughly half glucose and half fructose.
Principles of Positron Emission Tomography
W. R. Wayne Martin in Functional Imaging in Movement Disorders, 2019
The most widely used PET technique, the 18F-deoxyglucose method to measure regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRGlu), is based on the deoxyglucose method developed by Sokoloff to measure rCMRGlu in laboratory animals.120,121 Sokoloff’s technique uses 2-deoxy-d-[14C]glucose (DG) as the metabolic tracer and tissue autoradiography to determine local brain radioactivity. DG is an analogue of glucose and differs only by the substitution of a hydrogen atom for the hydroxyl group on the second carbon atom. It is transported bidirectionally across the blood-brain barrier by the same carrier-mediated transport system as glucose. In tissue, DG is phosphorylated, as is glucose, by hexokinase, so that 14C-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (DG-6-P) is formed. Because of its anomalous structure, however, DG-6-P is not metabolized further through the glycolytic pathway. Also, there is little dephosphorylation of DG-6-P back to DG due to the low activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in brain. As a result of this “metabolic trapping” of DG-6-P and its low membrane permeability, there is negligible loss of DG-6-P from tissue over the time course of the experiment. Because metabolized tracer is retained in brain, the calculation of rCMRGlu from measurements of local tissue radioactivity is greatly facilitated.
Peripheral Mechanisms of Mammalian Sweet Taste
Robert H. Cagan in Neural Mechanisms in Taste, 2020
In human behavioral experiments using magnitude estimation, the sweetness intensity of various concentrations of sucrose-sorbitol, sucrose-glucose, and sucrose-fructose mixtures has been determined. Even though these investigators used log-log plots instead of semilog plots, most of the data are in agreement with the gerbil’s electrophysiological responses. For example in the log-log plot of Frijters et al.,76 one observes that the psychophysical functions show a slight down curvature at high concentrations of sorbitol-sucrose mixtures. Likewise, McBride,77 using a semi-log plot, reported that glucose-sucrose mixtures began to asymptote at high concentrations of sucrose. The latter observation is important because glucose and methyl α-d-glucopyranoside are very similar in molecular structure. On the other hand, in studies of the human psychophysical responses to fructose-sucrose mixtures, these intensity curves do not asymptote at the sucrose Rmax.59,60,76 There are several possible explanations for this difference: different sugars were tested, different species were studied, and the concentrations used in human experiments were possibly not high enough. Another explanation is that fructose and sucrose in the mixture are interacting at two different receptor sites.77 To resolve this question, gerbil experiments using fuctose-sucrose mixtures are needed.
Pellets of phospholipids and d -glucose with improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of salvianolic acid B
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Ziyi Li, Zhenghua Li, Jianhua He, Jianping Liu
SAB (purity >90%) was bought from Nantong Feiyu biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nantong, China). Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine was purchased from A.V.T. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). d-Glucose (purity ≥99.5%, GC) was supplied by Aladdin Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Microcrystalline cellulose SH-101 (MCC) and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CC-Na) were donated from Anhui Sunhere Pharmaceutical Excipients Co., Ltd. (Anhui, China). Gelatin capsules were obtained from Suzhou Capsugel Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). High-fat feed for rabbits was acquired from Jiangsu Xietong Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Methanol, acetonitrile, phosphoric acid, and formic acid were of chromatographic grade for HPLC while other reagents used in the study were of analytical grade.
Association of hyperglycaemia with the placenta of GDM-induced macrosomia with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and the proliferation of trophoblast cells
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Yanli Zheng, Menghui Huang, Xiaoyan Lu, Jiqin Xu, Yuwen Han, Jinlong Ji, Yun Han
Human trophoblast cell line BeWo was purchased from American Tissue Type Collection (Manassas, VA) and maintained in normal DMEM media (5.5 mM D-glucose) (Gibco, Life technologies, Shanghai, China) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Gibco, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA), streptomycin (0.1 mg/ml), penicillin (100 U/ml), and a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. For high glucose media, additional D-glucose was supplemented to the normal DMEM media with a final D-glucose concentration at 25 mM (Chen et al. 2014; Inadera et al. 2010). The osmotic control media was made by supplementing normal DMEM media with 19.5 mM mannitol. Cells were exposed to the following experimental conditions for l-5 days: normal glucose medium, high glucose medium and high mannitol medium.
Comparison of the Effect of Bromfenac versus Betamethasone Ophthalmic Solutions in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Yui Tobimatsu, Rie Ogihara, Naoko Endo, Akira Hirose, Ryuji Takeda, Tetsuya Babazono, Shigehiko Kitano
HbA1c level reflects glycemic control 1–2 months before measurement. The Japanese Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes 201920 showed the target level of glycemic control and indicated a target level of less than 8.0% when treatment strengthening was difficult. Hence, patients with HbA1c levels < 8.0% were subanalyzed as the group with good glycemic control. Many studies have shown that high blood glucose levels are a risk factor for DME.21–24 Additionally, in a study with a VEGF inhibitor, bevacizumab, and triamcinolone, compared to the group in which bevacizumab was effective and that in which bevacizumab was ineffective while triamcinolone administration in the vitreous body was effective, the HbA1c level was higher in the group in which both were ineffective.25 Thus, it is thought that drug treatment for DME is affected by glycemic control, and the effect is even greater in ophthalmic solution treatment. Since it was easier to achieve treatment effects via BF in the group with good glycemic control, the improvement in CST by BF might have been observed only in the group with glycemic control. Furthermore, the selection of patients with good glycemic control excluded patients with large fluctuations in the measured values, resulting in a smaller standard deviation of the measured values in the BF group. This may be one reason why a statistically significant difference was observed. Future studies with a larger number of cases are required.