Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
L.D. Kapoor in Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Chemical constituents — Seeds contain a fatty fixed oil. Analysis of the oil gave toxic resin (3.4%), oleic acid (37.0%), linolic acid (19,0%), arachidic acid (1.5%), stearic acid (0.3%), palmitic acid (0.9%), myristic acid (7.5%), louric, tiglic, valeric, and butyric acids in traces, acetic acid (0.6%), and formic acid (0.8%). Seed kernels contain 43 to 63% croton oil. The oil contains a toxic resin; the seed kernels contain two toxic proteins, croton globulin and croton albumin, sucrose, and a glycoside, crotonoside.50 Trease confirmed that the oil contains croton resin; also “crotin”, a mixture of croton globulin and croton albumin comparable with ricin. The oil also contains diesters of the tetracylic diterpene phorbol; acids involved are acetic, a short chain acid, and capric, lauric, and palmitic as long chain acids. These compounds are cocarcinogens and also possess inflammatory and vesicant properties. The plant also contains alkaloids. The seeds contain two tumor-promoting principles.178
Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
In considering whether glycerine will make an effective barrier cream, any change in the irritant or barrier cream must cause its effectiveness to be reexamined. For instance, work has been done which suggests that a glycerine-based product is not effective against m-xylene [74]. Similarly, in an exhaustive study of 55 potential anti-irritants, glycerine, preapplied in a soap emulsion, was not effective in reducing the cutaneous irritation of croton oil [75]. Materials which showed effectiveness in this test were silicone oil, poly-acrylamide, collagen, and gelatin. Two reasons why glycerine may not have been effective in this series of tests is that only one irritant, croton oil, was used. Also rabbit was used as the model, which could well give different results from human models. Obviously, in evaluating barrier creams, the individual effectiveness of any combination of formula and solvent needs to be examined, and specific details of the test employed must also be considered.
Radiation Carcinogenesis: Tissue Culture Model
Kedar N. Prasad in Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
The active principal in croton oil is a class of compounds called the phorbol esters. Among these, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is one of the most active tumor promoters for chemically initiated carcinogenesis. It has been observed13 that TPA also markedly enhances the frequency of X-ray-induced transformation (Figure 17.4). It is interesting to note that TPA is particularly effective at low doses. For example, a dose of 25 rads does not produce detectable levels of transformation; however, when this dose is followed by TPA treatment, the transformation frequency increases to 5 × 10−4. This frequency of transformation is generally induced by 200–300 rads of X-rays alone.13 TPA appears to be most effective during the proliferative phase of growth. It has been reported15 that the irradiated cells retain the ability to respond to TPA even after many generation times. This observation is consistent with the results found in mouse skin, where applications of croton oil many months after carcinogen exposure still leads to a high incidence of tumors.16
Development of a nanotechnological hydrogel containing desonide nanocapsules in association with acai oil: design and in vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Priscila Rosa, Mariane Lago Friedrich, Juliana dos Santos, Natháli Schopf Pegoraro, Camila Camponogara, Sara Marchesan Oliveira, Cristiane de Bona da Silva, Andréa Inês Horn Adams
The antiedematogenic activity of the nanostructured hydrogels in an acute contact dermatitis model induced by croton oil was assessed. Croton oil contains 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and other phorbol esters as main irritant agents (Saraiva et al. 2011). Its application triggers an inflammatory response characterized by edema, leading to increased vascular permeability, cell infiltration and proliferation, production of arachidonic acid metabolites, cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators (Patrick et al. 1987; Rao et al. 1993). A recognized immediate effect of TG includes vasoconstriction, which decreases the tissue edema, erythema and heat (Beltrani et al. 2005). Thus, our aim was to assess the antiedematogenic effect of the nanostructured hydrogels in a model of croton oil-induced skin inflammation, since it mimics several human skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (Sato et al. 2004; Pietrovski et al. 2011).
Evaluation of Noxious Consequence of Bark Extract of Onosma echioides Linn Root: Hematology, Biochemistry, and Histopathological Findings
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Ambreen Shoaib, Hefazat Hussain Siddiqui, Rakesh Kumar Dixit
Onosma echioides Linn, family Boraginaceae, is a widely used remedial herb, extensively dispersed all over India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan. It is commonly known as Mahaarangi, Ratanjot,, and Maharanga (Kumar et al. 2013; Sharma 2000; Baral and Kurmi 2006; Bhattarai et al. 2006). It is traditionally used in Indian food and lends its red color to some versions of the curry dish such as Rogan Josh. The leaves of O. echioides are widely used in bladder obstacle, liver chaos, kidney obstruction, sciatic pain, and gout (Sharma et al. 2004). Its root pulp is utilized as an antiseptic for wounds, bruises, and eruptions (Rheoeder et al. 1993; Chopra et al. 1996). O. echioides extract possesses anthelmintic and alexipharmic activity (Kumar et al. 2013). O. echioides in croton oil has revealed its defending character and its use in skin malignancy and oxidative damage in Swiss mice (Sharma et al. 2004). This effect could be due to the active constituents of shikonins and alkannins present in the plant extract. Interestingly, these compounds have also been reported to promote wound healing in an albino rat model (Nikita et al. 2015).
Morel mushroom, Morchella from Kashmir Himalaya: a potential source of therapeutically useful bioactives that possess free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and arthritic edema-inhibiting activities
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Haridas Ramya, Korattuvalappil S. Ravikumar, Zuhara Fathimathu, Kainoor K. Janardhanan, Thekkuttuparambil A. Ajith, Manzoor Ahmad Shah, Ramona Farooq, Zafar A. Reshi
The effect of EAE on skin inflammation caused by croton oil was assessed by monitoring skin thickness, level of lipid peroxidation, and histopathological alterations. Croton oil application almost doubled the skin thickness compared to the normal skin. The topical application of EAE at three different doses, 10, 25, and 50 mg, prevented increase in skin thickness to varying extend from 20 to 75%. While the standard drug diclofenac causes 75% decrease in thickness compared to the control group (Figure 3(A)).
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