Legumes
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Another factor, the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) crossed the Rio Grande north into the United States in 1892, devastating cotton.100 The ensuing shortage of cottonseed oil prompted farmers to plant soybeans for oil.101 As noted later, others switched from cotton to peanuts. After 1910, the tractor replaced horses, prompting transition from oats that had fed them to soybeans.102 The 1930s’ dust bowl revealed soybeans’ greater drought tolerance than grain, leading farmers to plant them.103 Moreover, Congress combatted the Great Depression (1929–1939) by paying farmers not to plant cotton and other crops that glutted the market. Because Congress did not extend this provision to soybeans, farmers abandoned cotton for them, collecting government payments and harvesting a crop that generated income on its own.104
Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Sea Island cotton is primarily cultivated for its vegetable seed fiber, a raw material for fine textile products. This cotton embraces a large group of cotton fibers which produce the finest quality lint known: creamy white in color, silky, and lustrous, with a staple length of 3 cm or more, stronger and firmer than any other cotton. For these reasons, it is used for the finest textiles and yarns, of value in the lace industry. It is also useful in the pneumatic tire industry. Also, cultivated for the seed itself, which provides a semidrying, edible oil making up 50 to 55% of the concentrate for livestock. Fuzz which is not removed in ginning becomes linters for the chemical industry and miscellaneous textile uses. Hulls provide roughage for livestock and as bedding, fertilizer, and fuel. Cottonseed oil, a satisfactory substitute for sesame oil, is one commercial source of vitamin E.61
The Problems of Undernutrition
R. J. Jarrett in Nutrition and Disease, 1979
The changes in gut morphology, together with reduction in the amounts of pancreatic enzymes and bacterial overgrowth of the small gut, are together responsible for the common occurrence of diarrhoea in malnutrition. Impairment of absorption is also likely, but, in most cases, is not severe enough to interfere with recovery. For example, up to 33 g of fat containing unsaturated fatty acids is tolerated daily by malnourished children. Clinical experience with diets containing large quantities of vegetable fat supports this observation and cottonseed oil is now a common ingredient of many dietary regimens. With regard to protein digestion, it has been found that even though faecal nitrogen excretion in malnourished children is on average twice the normal, there is no serious malabsorption of nitrogen. More than three-quarters of the nitrogen in the diet is absorbed and is usually sufficient to allow the initiation of a cure except in very severe diarrhoea. Intolerance of lactose can present a serious problem at times, but even here the incidence of practical difficulties with feeding is small (less than 10 per cent). Thus, knowledge of the alteration in digestion and absorption is helpful in dealing with complications when they arise, but these are rare and in most cases it is possible to treat and rehabilitate children suffering from malnutrition without the need for sophisticated laboratory support.
Fatty acid metabolism in the host and commensal bacteria for the control of intestinal immune responses and diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Koji Hosomi, Hiroshi Kiyono, Jun Kunisawa
Omega 3 (ω3) and ω6 fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that are known as essential fatty acids because mammals (including humans) cannot synthesize them in the body and they must be obtained from the diet. The balance of dietary intake of ω3 and ω6 is involved in the maintenance of host immunological homeostasis; disturbance of the balance increases risk of allergic and inflammatory diseases.28 Among commonly consumed dietary oils, soybean oil, grape seed oil, corn oil, and cottonseed oil contain a large amount of linoleic acid, which is an ω6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid is endogenously metabolized to arachidonic acid, which is converted to fatty acid metabolites including prostaglandin and leukotriene.6,7 In contrast, α-linolenic acid, an ω3 fatty acid, is abundant in linseed oil and perilla oil and is endogenously metabolized to EPA and DHA. It is known that ω3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects.29,30 For example, the Inuit people, an aboriginal people who live in icy and snowy areas including northern Canada and consume fish and seals which contain many ω3 fatty acids, show a low mortality rate associated with heart disease compared to Danish people, who share the same genetic background with the Inuit.31 In comparison, Japanese people tend to overconsume ω6 fatty acids. Because excessive intake of linoleic acid (an ω6 fatty acid) has been suggested to increase the risk of allergy and inflammation, this fatty acid dietary habit is considered to be a potential cause of the recent increase in immune diseases, such as food allergy and pollinosis, in Japan.
FDA approved vs. Pharmacy compounded 17-OHPC—current issues for obstetricians to consider in reducing recurrent preterm birth
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
David L. Gandell, Michael D. Randell, Jennifer L. Gudeman
While there are limited clinical data comparing compounded and FDA-approved 17-OHPC formulations, Stone et al. published a retrospective cohort evaluation of data obtained from the electronic medical records of patients prescribed weekly 17-OHPC injections at an obstetric clinic between 2009 and 201524. Out of 175 patients, 56% received Makena and 44% received the compounded formulation, from two separate compounding pharmacies. Of note, one compounding pharmacy used cottonseed oil and the second pharmacy used sesame seed oil as the 17-OHPC vehicle, rather than the castor oil which is the vehicle in the FDA-approved formulations. When medications are FDA-approved, this is based on the finished dosage product, inclusive of inactive ingredients, such as diluents. While compounding pharmacists are not restricted from reformulating medications, changing an inactive ingredient in an FDA-approved medication is not permissible without first demonstrating that the safety and efficacy are unchanged. Using an alternative diluent has the potential to impact solubility, the pharmacokinetics of 17-OHPC and/or the safety profile. Stone et al. reported that adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurred in 16 patients, all of whom received the compounded formulation (p < .001). The most common ADRs were injection-site reaction and acute coughing following 17-OHPC administration. Of patients with an ADR, 63% discontinued therapy for prevention of preterm birth or changed to an alternative therapy. The authors concluded that providers “may consider preferential use of the commercial formulation, since 21% of women receiving compounded product experienced an ADR.”24
Benzyl alcohol suppresses seizures in two different animal models
Published in Neurological Research, 2019
Yinhao Violet Wu, Junhan Liu, Ziying Chen, W.Mcintyre Burnham
Drugs The following compounds were purchased from commercial sources: 1) benzyl alcohol (Fisher Chemicals, Toronto, ON) and 2) cottonseed oil (Acros Organics, Toronto, ON). BnOH was diluted in cottonseed oil to appropriate concentrations; it was then administered i.p. at a constant volume. All solutions were prepared fresh on the day of the experiment.
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