Determination of Toxicity
David Woolley, Adam Woolley in Practical Toxicology, 2017
The best vehicles or carrier systems are the simplest, usually aqueous, or with suspending agents that are toxicologically inert. For test substances that are poorly soluble in aqueous media, corn oil or similar oil may be used. However, this is not suitable for in vitro experiments and cannot be used orally in some animals such as rabbits, where the physiology of the gut is not compatible with large amounts of lipid. Wetting agents such as polysorbates (e.g., Tween 80) can have their own effects in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to fecal abnormalities and possible effects on absorption of the test substance. Use of simple aqueous media is unlikely to be associated with long-term effects. Use of corn oil in rats or mice, at up to 5 mL/kg, may be associated with a compensatory decrease in food consumption and slight functional change in plasma lipid levels, which is unlikely to be of toxicological significance.
Food as medicine
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
Some foods like nuts and seeds are designated as superfoods because they are sources of “essential” polyunsaturated fatty acids. A simple deficiency of these fatty acids is all but impossible. However, as shown in Chapter 12, there is very strong evidence that replacing some of the saturated fat in the diet with unsaturated fatty acids reduces the bad cholesterol (LDL) in the blood and so lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Most common vegetable oils like sunflower oil and corn oil are rich in so-called omega-6-fatty acids, whilst olive oil and rapeseed oil are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. A major dietary shift from highly saturated fat sources i.e. meat fat, dairy fat and tropical oils (coconut and palm oils) to more unsaturated fats especially those rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, like sunflower or corn oil, will lead to favourable changes in blood cholesterol levels and reduce long-term cardiovascular disease risk.
Lingual Lipase
Margit Hamosh in Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Because lingual lipase is a digestive enzyme, one would assume that changes in the amount of dietary fat would affect enzyme activity. We have therefore conducted studies in which rats were fed purified diets for 2 weeks. The diets contained 4 or 22% corn oil (regular and highfat diet), 22% viatmin-free casein, 63% corn starch, and adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.6 Lipolytic activity was measured after a 16-h fast. The results of the study102 are shown in Table 7. This study shows that feeding a high-fat purified diet leads to a marked rise in the lipase content of lingual serous glands (from 168 ± 13 nmol/min/mg in 4% fat-fed animals to 243 ± 9.5 nmol/min/mg in the 22% fat-fed group). The exponential rise in the lipase activity of the lingual serous glands immediately after birth in the rat17 could be related to the high-fat content of rat milk.
The protective effect of Eruca sativa against lipid metabolic abnormalities induced by dioxin in male rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Hussam A El-Gayar, Eman T Salem, Gamal M Edrees
Rats were classified into five groups, six rats each. The normal control (NC) group was fed on a standard diet without any supplementation. The corn oil (CO) group was treated orally with corn oil at a dose of 0.2 ml/kg BW. In the ES group, rats were given ES alcoholic extract orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW [25]. The TCDD group rats received dioxin orally 100 ng/kg BW/day [26] diluted in 2 ml corn oil. The ES + TCDD group was treated with 500 mg/kg of BW ES and 100 ng /kg/day TCDD. Treatment was continued daily for 5 weeks, at the end of the experimental period, the rats were fasted about 12 hr and anesthetized with halothane and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and sera were separated by centrifugation at 860×g for 20 min at 4°C, sera were kept at –20°C for the assay of biochemical parameters. Testes were removed, washed with 0.9% Na Cl solution, and then wiped on a piece of filter paper. Testes were washed with 50 mM (sodium phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4) in ice-containing 0.1 mM EDTA to remove any RBCs or clots, then stored at – 20°C for the assay of biochemical parameters.
Omega-3 fatty acid intake suppresses induction of diverse autoantibody repertoire by crystalline silica in lupus-prone mice
Published in Autoimmunity, 2020
Lichchavi D. Rajasinghe, Quan-Zhen Li, Chengsong Zhu, Mei Yan, Preeti S. Chauhan, Kathryn A. Wierenga, Melissa A. Bates, Jack R. Harkema, Abby D. Benninghoff, James J. Pestka
This investigation utilized tissues from a previous time course study that assessed the influence of DHA on cSiO2-induced autoimmune pathogenesis, focussing specifically on histopathology and mRNA signatures in the lung and kidney [14,26,31]. Experimental protocols were approved by the Michigan State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (AUF #01/15-021-00). The experimental design for the parent study is depicted in Figure 1. Briefly, upon arrival, 6 week old female lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice (n = 8/group) (Jackson Laboratories Bar Harbour, ME) were fed one of three formulations based on the purified American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G diet containing 70 g/kg fat [43] as described previously [31]. All diets were formulated with 10 g/kg corn oil to ensure adequate basal essential fatty acids. Control diet (CON) contained 60 g/kg high-oleic safflower oil (Hain Pure Food, Boulder, CO), whereas high-oleic safflower oil was replaced with 10 g/kg (DHA low) or 25 g/kg (DHA high) microalgal oil containing 40% DHA (DHASCO, provided by Dr. Kevin Hadley, DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD) for DHA diets. The final DHA composition was 4 g/kg or 10 g/kg DHA for DHA low and DHA high diets, respectively. These diets are the human equivalent of 2 and 5 g of DHA per day on a caloric basis. Diets were prepared weekly and stored at −20 °C until use to avoid lipid oxidation products. Fresh feed was provided ad libitum to mice daily.
The Effect of Phytosterol-Rich Fraction from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on Blood Serum Lipid Profile of Dyslipidemia Rats
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Kgs Ahmadi, Huda Oktafa, Teti Estiasih
PRF had high phytosterol content of 18.31% compared to PFAD, which only contained phytosterols of 0.75%. Other components in PRF are not known yet. The study by Moreau et al. (2009) showed that phytosterol content of crude corn fiber oil was 8.79%, refined corn fiber oil was 2.40%, and refined corn kernel oil was 1.11%; commercial corn oil had phytosterol content of 0.84%. Jiang and Wang (2005) reported that by-products of cereal contained phytosterols of 9.35 mg/g oil. Phytosterol content of some types of oil varies depending on their plant sources: mustard (64 mg/g), corn (23 mg/g), soybean (9 mg/g), rapeseed (5 mg/g), and coconut (0.8 mg/g) (Sabir et al., 2003). In general, vegetable oils contain phytosterols of 1–5 g/kg, except rice bran oil, which has phytosterols of 30 g/kg (Hoed et al., 2006).
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