Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Both natural and synthetic citral are isomeric mixtures of geranial and neral, in which geranial is usually the predominant isomer. Major amounts are found in the essential oils of Cymbopogon sp., Backhousia citriodora, Litsea cubeba, Verbena officinalis, or Melissa officinalis. Moreover, it is found in many citrus oils. Because of its intense lemon aroma, citral has been extensively used for flavoring food, cosmetics, and detergents (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). Studies in rats have shown that citral is rapidly metabolized into several acids and a biliary glucuronide and excreted, with urine as the major route of elimination of citral, followed by expired air and feces. As demonstrated in Figure 10.10, seven urinary metabolites were isolated and identified (Diliberto et al., 1990). Based on the rat study mentioned above, extensive biotransformation of citral in human subjects is highly suggested.
Nutritional Characteristics and Bioactive Compounds in Australian Native Plants: A Review
Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa in Australian Native Plants, 2017
Other native herbs and spices with commercially employed oil fractions are lemon and anise myrtle, and it was shown earlier that lemon myrtle oil has high antimicrobial potency (Lassak and McCarthy, 1983). Further investigations confirmed the effectiveness of different preparations of lemon myrtle against bacteria and fungi and concluded that the oil was an effective antibacterial and excellent antifungal agent (Wilkinson et al., 2003). Although the antibacterial activity of lemon myrtle oil was believed to be directly related to the high citral content of the oil (80%–98%), the results did not correlate with citral content, implying that other compounds within the oil may affect the susceptibility of the microorganisms. In fact, the antimicrobial activity of the oil was found to be greater than the citral alone, providing further support for this conclusion as well as indicating possible synergistic effects between the active ingredients.
Understanding Fragrance: From Chemistry to Emotion
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Citral is an interesting example of what is called a ‘nature-like’ ingredient, that is, when a synthetic reaction is used to create an ingredient normally obtained via isolation from natural sources. BASF developed the chemical pathway (summarised in Figure 16.3 ) to synthesize citral (responsible for the natural aroma of citrus fruits and lemongrass), and through minor modifications of the chemical structure can also produce synthetic linalool (smells of lavender) and geraniol (smells of roses). Using this process BASF can produce 40,000 metric tons of citral annually, whilst cultivation from lemongrass would require 40,000 hectares of land.
Development, characterisation and efficacy evaluation of biochemical fungicidal formulations for postharvest control of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz) disease in mango
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Amarjeet Kumar, Vithal Balavant Kudachikar
Trans-Cinnamaldehyde (3-phenylprop-2-enal), a primary ingredient of essential oil extracted from Cortex of Cinnamon, has been demonstrated to possess several biological and pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial (Lin et al. 2013), anti-carcinogenic (Ding et al. 2010), and anti-inflammatory activities (Weisheimer et al. 2010). Citral is a monoterpene, and it is the major constituents of many plant essential oils like citrus and lemongrass (Mitchell et al. 2010). Citral has significant antifungal activity alone and in combination with other essential oils (Ismail et al. 2012). Phenylacetaldehyde is a volatile component of various essential oils such as Fagopyrum esculentum, Pinus pinea and Hibiscus cannabinus (Chen et al. 2003, Ding et al. 2010, Du et al. 2012, Lin et al. 2013, Jing et al. 2016).
Citral presents cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human cultured cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Ana C. S. Souza, Laís K. Silva, Thais B. Queiroz, Eduardo S. Marques, Clélia A. Hiruma-Lima, Isabel O. M. Gaivão, Edson L. Maistro
Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6 octadienal), a mixture of two isomers (cis-isomer neral and trans-isomer geranial), is a monoterpene aldehyde widely used as an aromatic supplement for cosmetics and food industry because of its pleasant lemon scent and flavor (Opdyke 1979; Choi et al.2010). It is the major constituent (65–85%) of the lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves oil (Saddiq and Khayyat 2010). This plant is popularly used in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in Brazil, as a spasmolytic, analgesic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, and tranquilizer (Ferreira 1984; Carbajal et al.1989; Boukhatem et al.2014; Costa et al.2016). Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic (Adeneye and Agbaje 2007), anti-Leishmania (Machado et al.2012), antifungal (Boukhatem et al.2014), antitumor, immunomodulatory (Bao et al.2015) and gastroprotective activities were also reported (Sagradas et al.2015). A large part of the pharmacological activities of this plant is attributed to the presence of citral.
In vitro and in vivo anti-Candida activity of citral in combination with fluconazole
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Katherine Miranda-Cadena, Cristina Marcos-Arias, Aitzol Perez-Rodriguez, Iván Cabello-Beitia, Estibaliz Mateo, Elena Sevillano, Lucila Madariaga, Guillermo Quindós, Elena Eraso
In the current study, citral inhibited the growth of planktonic cells from all Candida species. The values of IC GM 256 mg/L and MFC GM 776.05 mg/L obtained against C. albicans isolates, are in concordance with the studies carried out by Lima et al. and Rajput and Karuppayil [34,35]. However, other authors have reported lower IC and MFC values of citral than those obtained in our study (IC: 64 mg/L and MFC: 256 mg/L; IC and MFC of 32 mg/L, respectively) that could be related to isolate origin and methodological differences [16,33]. Furthermore, in our study, citral was active even against fluconazole resistant isolates, including C. dubliniensis, C. krusei and C. glabrata, which is important due to their increasing prevalence in candidiasis. In fact, previous colonization with C. albicans may facilitate C. glabrata persistence within the oral cavity [7,36]. Hence, the effect detected in this study could be helpful in these cases.
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