Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
For general information on cross-/pseudo-cross-/co-reactivity of fragrance chemicals with other fragrances, fragrance markers (fragrance mix I, fragrance mix II, colophonium, Myroxylon pereirae resin [balsam of Peru]) and essential oils see Chapter 1.2 General information on cross-reactions, pseudo-cross-reactions and co-reactions. Co-reactivity with Myroxylon pereirae resin (MP) may be explained by the presence of cinnamic acid (3–30%) in MP (pseudo-cross-reactions). In one patient reacting to cinnamic acid, co-reactions have been observed to Myroxylon pereirae resin, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamal and benzyl cinnamate (3). Co-reactions between cinnamic acid, cinnamal and cinnamyl alcohol (9). In animal experiments, cinnamic acid cross-reacted to cinnamal primary sensitization, but not to cinnamyl alcohol primary sensitization (5).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Scott Mendelson in Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum. Ceylon cinnamon (the source of its Latin name, zeylanicum) or “true cinnamon” is indigenous to Sri Lanka and southern parts of India. There is also Cinnamomum cassia, known as Chinese cinnamon. Cinnamon in its various forms was known by the ancients and highly prized. It has been used primarily as a food spice, but also has a long history of use as a medicinal herb. In Ayurvedic Medicine, cinnamon is considered a remedy for respiratory, digestive, and gynaecological ailments. Modern research has established that cinnamon has properties including anti-microbial, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, and free-radical scavenging properties, inhibition of tau aggregation, and anti-nociception, anti-inflammatory, and hepato-protective effects.1 Among the phytochemicals in the various cinnamons are cinnamaldehyde – the predominant molecule – as well as cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin, eugenol, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and δ-cadinene.2 A significant difference between “true” Cinnamon and Chinese Cinnamon is that Chinese cinnamon can contain much higher, even potentially dangerous, levels of coumarin. As is commonly seen, the species of the genus Cinnamomum will here be generally referred to by the common name cinnamon.
Chemistry of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Oxidation of toluene (181) with air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst gives benzyl alcohol (194), benzaldehyde (195), or benzoic acid (196) depending on the chemistry employed. The demand for benzoic acid far exceeds that for the other two oxidation products and so such processes are usually designed to produce mostly benzoic acid with benzaldehyde as a minor product. For the fragrance industry, benzoic acid is the precursor for the various benzoates of interest, while benzaldehyde, through aldol-type chemistry, serves as the key intermediate for cinnamate esters (such as methyl cinnamate (197)) and cinnamaldehyde (48). Reduction of the latter gives cinnamyl alcohol (49) and hence, through esterification, provides routes to all of the cinnamyl esters. Chlorination of toluene under radical conditions gives benzyl chloride (198). Hydrolysis of the chloride gives benzyl alcohol (194), which can, in principle, be esterified to give the various benzyl esters (199) of interest. However, these are more easily accessible directly from the chloride by reaction with the sodium salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. All of these conversions are shown in Figure 6.33.
Rhodiosin and herbacetin in Rhodiola rosea preparations: additional markers for quality control?
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Zoltán Péter Zomborszki, Norbert Kúsz, Dezső Csupor, Wieland Peschel
Other constituents of Rhodiola species have occasionally been suggested to potentially contribute to pharmacological activities including the aglycon of the phenylpropenoids cinnamyl alcohol (CA) (Peschel et al. 2016), monoterpene glycosides such as rosiridin (van Diermen et al. 2009), gallic acid derivatives such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Chen et al. 2015) or lignans and some flavonoids including rhodiosin (1) (Zhou et al. 2015).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alcohol
- Balsam of Peru
- Cinnamaldehyde
- Cinnamon
- Ester
- Hydrolysis
- Organic Compound
- Storax Balsam
- Balsam of Peru