Hyperthermia in oncology and nontoxic integrative treatments
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee in Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Chromium is a special heavy metal, and its atomic number is 24 in the periodic table of elements. It is very active and easily oxidizes in air to form diverse compounds, mainly including divalent, trivalent, and hexavalent compounds, whereas monovalent, tetravalent, and pentavalent compounds are relatively rare. Trivalent compounds are the most stable and nontoxic. The chemical characteristic of hexavalent compounds is the strongest, and their toxicity is also the highest. On the other hand, metabolism in the healthy human body does require a little trivalent chromium, which plays important roles in aspects such as normal glycometabolism, cardiovascular function, and coenzyme activity, so it is an essential trace element for the human body. In compound preparations of vitamins and trace elements, produced and sold widely in the United States, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, traces of trivalent chromium are present. It is a strong oxidant, particularly used to clean and disinfect glassware, and it seems that no preferable compound now can replace it. The human body requires only a little trivalent chromium, and the rest of the chromium compounds are toxic to the human body.
Problems on Excess of Inorganic Chemical Compounds for Mankind
Jul Låg in Geomedicine, 2017
All metals considered human carcinogens also cause cancer in animals. Mutagenic effects in in vitro test systems have been observed for a number of metal compounds, including most of those regarded as carcinogenic. It is generally believed that for genotoxic carcinogenic compounds, no threshold for effect exists. Thus, it is a paradox that a carcinogenic metal such as chromium also is an essential nutrient. Carcinogenicity has been shown for several hexavalent chromium compounds, particularly less soluble particles. It is known that hexavalent chromium may interact and damage DNA by several muchanisms.33 However, trivalent chromium, which is believed to be the essential form, also binds to DNA, forming interstrand crosslinks and DNA-protein crosslinks. This remains an area of future research.
Nutrition Support and Hyperglycemia
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett in Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
Chromium deficiency results in hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and neuropathy. Though there is no generally accepted, reliable diagnostic test for chromium deficiency, Bahijri and Mufti [109] found that patients with T2DM responding to chromium therapy demonstrated increased urinary chromium excretion after a glucose load, compared with non-responders. Chromium therapy improves insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number, and activates insulin receptor kinase, leading to increased insulin sensitivity [110]. In a randomized, controlled study of 180 patients with T2DM, chromium picolinate, 500 mcg po twice a day (BID), was associated with improved hemoglobin A1C (A1C) levels, lower fasting, postprandial glucose, and insulin levels, and lower total cholesterol levels [111].
The role of eugenol in the prevention of chromium-induced acute kidney injury in male albino rats
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Ramez A.E. Barhoma
Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that has several valence states; the most common one is the hexavalent chromium (CrVI), that is widely used in industries, e.g. leather tanning, stainless steel manufacturing, chrome plating (chromates added as anticorrosive agents to paints, primers, and other surface coatings), welding and wood preservation.1,2 CrVI can also be found in drinking water and in public water systems.3 Environmental and/or occupational exposure to CrVI-containing compounds is known to be toxic and carcinogenic to human beings and animals.4 A major adverse effect of chromium poisoning is nephrotoxicity due to chromium excretion through the kidney, this increases its chromium content and subsequently, nephropathy occurs.5 The toxic manifestations of chromium are considered to be due to oxidative stress.6,7 leading to serious damage to the vital organs.8,9
Chemical characterization of tobacco-free “modern” oral nicotine pouches and their position on the toxicant and risk continuums
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
David Azzopardi, Chuan Liu, James Murphy
Among the four NP variants tested, levels of 22 of the 26 compounds were too low to quantify, as compared with 22 of 25 for the lozenge NRT, 20 of 25 for the gum NRT, and 11 of 24 compounds for the snus. Notably, the two toxicants detected in the NPs (chromium and formaldehyde) were present at extremely low levels, close to the quantification limits. Formaldehyde, a mammalian metabolite (Restani and Galli 1991), is present in fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat, fish and shellfish at levels of 1–100 mg/kg, with an average adult consuming between 1.5 and 14 mg/day (WHO, 2001). Based on the highest mean formaldehyde level of 1.1 mg/kg detected in Lyft Berry Frost, a pouch weight of 0.7 g, and ADC of 8.6 pouches per day, NPs would increase daily formaldehyde exposure by approximately 0.004 mg/day (assuming 58% extraction). Thus, the extremely low levels of formaldehyde in NPs are unlikely to represent a toxicological concern. Chromium, an IARC Group 1 carcinogen in its +6 oxidation state but a Group 3 compound in its +3 state, is also present in fruits, vegetables, grain products and meat; for example, a half-cup serving of broccoli contains approximately 11 µg of chromium (US National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2020), corresponding to approximately 40 times the amount of chromium that a NP user may be exposed to daily (i.e., 0.28 µg/day, assuming 8.6 pouches per day and using the worst-case single measurement of 0.08 mg/kg in Lyft Berry Frost).
Health risk assessment of heavy metals content in cocoa and chocolate products sold in Saudi Arabia
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Ahmed K. Salama
The total diet study in the United Kingdom in 1994 estimated the population average intake of cobalt to be 0.12 mg/d (MAFF 1994, The Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) 2002), which is equivalent to 1.71 µg/kg/d. All samples have cobalt intake less than the tolerable intake limit. The EDI of manganese ranges from 1.37 to 8.68 µg/kg/d. The recommended dietary allowance value for manganese is 2–5 mg/d/person (WHO 1993, EDIirezen and Uruc 2006), which is equivalent to 28.57–71.43 µg/kg/d. All the studied foodstuffs have manganese intake less than the tolerable intake limit. The EDI of chromium in this study is in the ranges of 0.023–0.164 µg/kg/d. The recommended dietary allowance value for chromium is 130 µg d/person (1.86 µg/kg/d). The EVM guidance value for trivalent chromium is 150 μg/d/person (2.14 µg/kg/d) (EVM 2003). The studied foodstuffs have chromium intake less than the tolerable intake limit. The EDI of aluminum ranges from 10.80 to 40.75 µg/kg/d. The JECFA has established PTWI of 2 mg/kg/week for aluminum (which is equivalent to 28.57 µg/kg/d) (JECFA 2011) based on a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 30 mg/kg body weight per day and application of a safety factor of 100. The PTWI applies to all aluminum compounds in food, including food additives. All the studied foodstuffs have aluminum intake less than the tolerable limits, except the cocoa product which exceeds the permissible limit.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chromite
- Color
- Corrosion
- Stainless Steel
- Tarnish
- Visible Spectrum
- Carbon
- Aluminium
- Ion
- Nutrient