Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions for the First 1,000 Days
Crystal D. Karakochuk, Kyly C. Whitfield, Tim J. Green, Klaus Kraemer in The Biology of the First 1,000 Days, 2017
Currently, there is no “systematic process for [the] collation of the implementation-related evidence base about how to scale up the vast array of [both] nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions with quality and equity,” indicating further research is necessary on both nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions [12]. Further, partial empirical evidence supports a direct relationship between nutrition-sensitive interventions and health improvements during the first 1,000 days of life. In the 2013 Lancet series, Black et al. [13] adapted the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) framework, as shown in Figure 25.1, to explicitly include nutrition-sensitive approaches to address underlying causes of undernutrition, along with factors of enabling environments that impact the basic causes of undernutrition. This new framework (Figure 25.2) outlines the necessary sectors with which the international nutrition community should engage to produce a comprehensive strategy for improving child nutrition [13]. As part of the Lancet series, Ruel et al. [14] further defined current evidence on nutrition-sensitive approaches and best practices. In this section, we will describe both types of intervention and the sectors responsible for implementing nutrition-sensitive approaches.
Nutrition for children with chronic diseases and syndromes
Judy More in Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Malnutrition develops when children are unable to eat sufficient quantities of food and drink to satisfy their energy and nutrient requirements in the long term. This may begin to impact on health and growth if it is not addressed. The main causes of an inadequate oral intake are:decreased appetite due to the medical conditions and/or treatments;malabsorption increases the energy and nutrition requirements above that for healthy children;increased nutrient requirements due to altered metabolism, chronic illness, fever or a high level of physical activity.
Respiratory disorders
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize in Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
The treatment of cystic fibrosis has developed to overcome some of the problems indicated by the disease. The pancreatic insufficiency necessitates synthetic pancreatic extracts to aid in the digestive process. Vitamin supplements (A, D, E, K) are utilized, because children may demonstrate malnutrition and have difficulty absorbing nutrients directly from food. Salt is given freely, especially after periods of physical activity, and fluid replacements are encouraged for children. The congestion in the lungs is treated primarily through the use of antibiotics, which work to decrease the production of sputum and the colonization of bacteria. Other medicines include anti-inflammatories and bronchodilators to clear mucus. Daily therapy, postural drainage, aerosol therapy, and mist tents to dilute the secretions in the lungs are used outside school to aid in the ejection of mucus. Several devices have been used to create high frequency airways to dislodge mucus. In addition, exercise is beneficial for children with cystic fibrosis, as it not only helps them to dislodge mucus, but also fosters interaction with their peer group (Horvat & Carlile, 1991).
Potential value and impact of data mining and machine learning in clinical diagnostics
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021
Maryam Saberi-Karimian, Zahra Khorasanchi, Hamideh Ghazizadeh, Maryam Tayefi, Sara Saffar, Gordon A. Ferns, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
Another problem that threatens child health is malnutrition. Appropriate nutrition is an essential component for the development and growth of children, and thus, several researchers have studied malnutrition in toddlers and children. Winiarti et al. developed software to detect the nutritional status of toddlers that applied a data mining approach with a k-means clustering algorithm [97]. Similarly, Momand et al. used data mining techniques, including Naïve Bayes classifiers, PART rule induction, and random forest, to predict the malnutrition status of children <5 years of age [98]. The data included anthropometric parameters and clinical signs. Results indicated that PART rule induction and random forest performed well, with the highest accuracy for predicting nutritional edema, as well as underweight, stunted, and wasted status.
Profile of mothers whose children are treated for malnutrition at a rural district hospital in the North West province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022
Kebogile Mokwena, Jim Kachabe
High child mortality remains a key health challenge in developing countries, where it is estimated that 45% of all deaths in children aged under 5 years are attributable to undernutrition.1 Although child malnutrition has decreased in most areas of the world in the past two decades, its prevalence among children younger than five years has increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and in South Africa the mortality in children younger than five years has shown a steady increase.2 The situation highlights the important role of adequate and appropriate child nutrition as key to the prevention of child morbidity and mortality. With South Africa being one of the most unequal societies, and having pockets of poverty-stricken communities, caregivers within impoverished communities and households often change their food consumption patterns to cope, which often results in compromised nutrition rather than providing optimum nutrition to their children.
Association of micronutrients and child growth in children aged 7-15 years from Qwa-Qwa, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018
Abdulkadir Egal, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
In this study, multiple micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent among this group of children. Furthermore, no overweight and obesity were found, but stunting, wasting and underweight were observed. Acute and chronic undernutrition is thus the main challenge to address in the study community. Although both macronutrient and micronutrient malnutrition were prevalent in these children, associations between the WHO growth standards and micronutrient deficiencies could not be established, with the exception of haemoglobin, zinc and vitamin E with WAZ. This indicates that younger children that are malnourished are more susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies than the older children. Although much progress has been made to address both macronutrient and micronutrient malnutrition in SA, continued and regular national surveys in these areas are of paramount importance to address the various forms of malnutrition, especially screening during the crucial early years of growth.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Obesity
- Protein
- Underweight
- Vitamin Deficiency
- Nutrient
- Deficiency
- Undernutrition In Children
- Overnutrition
- Stunted Growth
- Wasting