The Importance of Personalized Nutrition in Psychological Disorders
Nilanjana Maulik in Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
In some ASD cases in children, their gut permeability was increased and the cases failed to produce digestive enzymes related to gluten and casein properly. Lack of digestive enzymes can cause failures in the conversion of gluten and casein into amino acids. In addition, leakage into the bloodstream with a risk of passing the brain–blood barrier can be observed due to increased gut permeability (Mulloy, Lang et al. 2010). The risk in this scenario is the disruption in the operation of the nervous system due to the regulation of signal transduction caused by this leakage. Casein is a protein of animal origin and is mainly consumed from milk and dairy products. On the other hand, gluten is of plant origin and commonly consumed from wheat, oats, barley and rye. It is a highly anticipated thought that eliminating gluten and casein from the diet will reduce the symptoms of ASD significantly (Kaluzna-Czaplinska, Michalska et al. 2010). According to another theory, yet less agreed on due to limited evidence, the Body Ecology Diet suggests sustaining and preservation of the inner ecology of the body by rejecting food products which could have disturbed the immune system (Davison, Ng et al. 2012).
Nutrition and the human lifecycle
Geoffrey P. Webb in Nutrition, 2019
The principal proteins in milk are casein and whey. The casein-to-whey ratio is much higher in cow milk than human milk. Casein forms hard clots in the stomach and is also relatively low in cysteine (the usual precursor of taurine). Infant formulae vary in the extent to which the casein-to-whey ratio has been modified to make it closer to that of human milk. Most infant formula used in the first few months after birth is whey based because it is closer in composition to breast milk and is easier for the baby to digest. Use of casein-dominant formula becomes more prevalent in older infants because it takes longer to digest and is thus said to be more satisfying for hungry babies than whey-dominant formula, although there is no substantial evidence to support this belief. Follow-on formulae are produced as an alternative to cow milk for infants who are over 6 months, and they are not intended to be a complete diet but a component of a weaning diet at 8–10 months, and were used by three quarters of UK mothers.
Dairy Milk
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Commercially available milk that has undergone food processing is the primary form of milk consumed in the food supply. Processed dairy milk contains ∼8 g of protein per serving (236 mL; Table 17.1) with protein constituting 3.5% of the total content of fluid milk.5 Dairy proteins consist primarily of casein (80%) and whey (20%).6 Casein is further segregated to include α-, β-, γ-, and κ-caseins, whereas whey protein contains α- and β-lactoglobulin, albumin, lactoferrin, and immunoglobulins, growth factors, and enzymes (Table 17.2).6 In milk, the casein proteins aggregate to form “casein micelles.” 6 In this regard, α- and β-caseins stabilize calcium phosphate within the micelle, whereas κ-caseins on the surface maintain casein aggregates in a colloidal state to prevent precipitation due to their instability at the pH (6.6) of milk. This casein micelle structure helps to maintain a fluid solution of calcium and phosphate that can be delivered to offspring to promote tooth and bone development. Casein micelles also coagulate when they interact with the acidic environment of the stomach. This delays gastric emptying into the small intestine, thereby maximizing the opportunity for protein digestion to occur.6 Whey proteins are soluble in water and exert antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative properties.6
Detection of endocrine and metabolism disrupting xenobiotics in milk-derived fat samples by fluorescent protein-tagged nuclear receptors and live cell imaging
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Keshav Thakur, Emmagouni Sharath Kumar Goud, Yashika Jawa, Chetan Keswani, Suneel Onteru, Dheer Singh, Surya P. Singh, Partha Roy, Rakesh K. Tyagi
Eggs, meat, milk, and milk-derived products are the primary constituents of most diets worldwide. The International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA) defines milk as 87% water and 13% solids (Campbell and Marshall 2016). The solid portion of the milk constitutes fat, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Casein, a protein found only in milk (82% of protein content) contains all the essential amino acids and is used as a standard for evaluating the protein content of other foods. In addition to the above, milk is also a rich source of calcium, phosphorus, and other micronutrients (Olza et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2019). Therefore, efforts are warranted toward the development of screening tools capable of assessing the quality and safety of the milk. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) or Metabolism disruptors (MDs) may enter animals’ viscera and derived food products via chemical spraying on fodder or omnipresence in the surrounding environment. In addition, antibiotics (gentamicin, tetracyclin, cephalosporins, cefquinome) or pharmaceuticals (NSAIDs), when administered to the animals for varied reasons may get deposited into their fat tissues, and hence leach into the milk and milk-derived products (Georgescu et al. 2011; Sulejmani et al. 2012; Priyanka and Dey 2018; Gómez-Ramírez 2020; Nemati Niko et al. 2020; Di Rocco 2021; Dong et al. 2021).
Depletion of dietary phytoestrogens reduces hippocampal plasticity and contextual fear memory stability in adult male mouse
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Gürsel Çalışkan, Syed Ahsan Raza, Yunus E. Demiray, Emre Kul, Kiran V. Sandhu, Oliver Stork
At the age of 9–10 weeks, group-caged male mice were randomly assigned to two different dietary treatments: either (1) continuing the typical standard phytoestrogen-containing diet (phyto-300) or (2) changing to a low phytoestrogen diet for a period of 6 weeks (purchased from ssniff Spezialdiäten GmbH; Soest, Germany). The low phytoestrogen diet (low-phyto; ssniff R/M-H, 10 mm, low phytoestrogens, V1554) has been formulated to be low in the phytoestrogens genistein (<10 mg/kg), daidzein (approximately 10 mg/kg) and coumestrol (<1 mg/kg) and contained no soybean or alfalfa product; the major components being cereals (wheat products, barley), corn gluten and potato protein. The low-phyto diet contained 19.3% crude protein, 3.3% crude fat, 4.4% crude fiber and 6.0% crude ash. Casein was not contained in either diet.
α-Casein Changes Gene Expression Profiles and Promotes Tumorigenesis of Prostate Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Joo-Young Kim, Seong Ik Bang, Sang Don Lee
Casein makes up the majority of protein found in milk and dairy products. In our previous study, we demonstrated that casein promotes the proliferation of PC3 prostate cancer cells (17). However, to date, no study has reported on the gene expression profiles of prostate cancer cells after treatment with α-casein. In addition, the precise molecular mechanisms by which α-casein exerts its tumor proliferation and progression effects in prostate cancer are also unclear. For these reasons, we set out to examine the gene expression profiles of prostate cancer cells after treatment with α-casein, with the aim of determining the mechanism by which α-casein promotes the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer cells.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Breast Milk
- Calcium
- Colloid
- Milk
- Amino Acid
- Carbohydrate
- K-Casein
- Cheese
- Biomolecular Condensate
- Phosphorus