Electrophysiology
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto in Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
The cardiopulmonary system consists of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from the tissues in the human body (Humphrey & McCulloch, 2003; Alberts et al., 1994). Blood is transported from the heart through the arteries and the veins transport blood back to the heart. The heart consists of two chambers on the top (right ventricle and left ventricle) and two chambers on the bottom (right atrium and left atrium). The atrioventricular valves separates the atria from the ventricles. Tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, pulmonary valve situates between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lung and aortic valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta which carries blood to the body (Bronzino, 2000). Figure 3.9 shows the schematic diagram of heart circulation and there are two components of blood circulation in the system, namely, pulmonary and systemic circulation (Humphrey, 2002; Opie, 1998; Milnor, 1990). In pulmonary circulation, pulmonary artery transports blood from heart to the lungs. The blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide at the lungs. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. In the systemic circulation, aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the other parts of the body through capillaries. The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body to the heart.
Cardiovascular system
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha in Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
Figure 9.51a shows the arterial supply to the lower limbs. The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries, usually at the level of L4. Each common iliac artery further divides into the internal iliac artery, which supplies the pelvis, and the external iliac artery, which continues down the leg to become the common femoral artery (CFA) once it crosses below the inguinal ligament. A few centimetres below the inguinal ligament the CFA divides into the profunda femoris (PFA) and superficial femoral (SFA) arteries. The PFA supplies the muscles of the thigh and the SFA continues to the knee. Just above the knee (at the adductor hiatus), SFA becomes the popliteal artery. Below the knee this artery trifurcates into the anterior tibial (AT), posterior tibial (PT) and peroneal arteries. The AT continues towards the foot to become the dorsalis pedis artery at the ankle, which supplies the dorsal aspect of the foot. The PT and peroneal often have an initial short common trunk (tibio-peroneal trunk). The PT gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar arteries that supply the plantar aspect of the foot. The peroneal artery supplies the lateral aspect of the lower leg. There is a corresponding system of veins draining blood back into the inferior vena cava and then to the heart (Fig. 9.51b).
Functionally single ventricle, Fontan procedure – univentricular heart/circulation
Jana Popelová, Erwin Oechslin, Harald Kaemmerer, Martin G St John Sutton, Pavel Žáček in Congenital Heart Disease in Adults, 2008
The heterotaxy syndrome accounts for some 2% of all CHD (see Chapter 23 for more details). In this syndrome, the heart usually has a common atrium, a complete AV septal defect, a common AV valve, and often a common, morphologically right ventricle (Figures 15.10-15.12). The pulmonary artery usually has valvular and subvalvular stenosis. Patients with this syndrome usually have systemic and pulmonary vein anomalies, and the coronary sinus may be absent. Often a right and a left superior vena cava are present. The inferior vena cava is often absent, and it is drained via the venous azygos or hemiazygos systems to the superior vena cava. Hepatic veins empty into the common atrium directly and separately (Figure 15.13). Patients with interruption of the inferior vena cava may undergo Fontan procedure by connecting the vena cava superior with blood flowing from the azygos vein (or, alternatively, from both venae cavae superior) to the right branch of the pulmonary artery. The result is cavo-pulmonary anastomosis according to Kawashima.
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Why is Prenatal Diagnosis Important?
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Ayşe Keleş, Osman Yılmaz, Gülşah Dağdeviren, Özge Yücel Çelik, Aykan Yücel, Dilek Şahin
Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system [1,2]. It is found in 0.3%–0.5% of the general population and 4%–8% in those with congenital heart disease (CHD) [3,4]. In the embryonic period, anterior cardinal veins perform the venous drainage of the cephalic region and upper extremity. Except for a small part that constitutes the left superior intercostal vein, the left anterior cardinal vein regresses in the eighth week of embryogenesis. Failure of this regression results in PLSVC [4,5]. In most cases, the right and left superior vena cava coexist. The specific combination of a persistent LSVC and non-right superior vena cava was reported to be 0.05% in an autopsy series [6,7]. PLSVC typically empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus, but may empty directly into the left atrium [8].
Tetralogy of Fallot with isolated levocardia in a young female
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2019
Zeeshan Sattar, Hafez Muhammad Abdullah, Sohaib Roomi, Waqas Ullah, Adnan Khan, Ali Ghani, Asrar Ahmad
Preoperative echocardiography revealed the anatomy of levocardia, a large subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (VSD), and severe subvalvular pulmonic stenosis with a gradient of 80 mmHg. It also revealed atrioventricular (AV) discordance with right anterior aorta arising from morphologically left sided right ventricle and left posterior pulmonary artery arising more than 60% from morphologically left sided right ventricle. There was associated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and a double outlet right ventricle (DORV). The morphologically left sided right ventricle was also hypertrophied. There was a single left sided superior vena cava and an inferior vena cava that drained into right atrium. The interatrial septum was intact. Other findings included a left aortic arch and an intact interatrial septum.
The evolution of long-term pediatric ventricular assistance devices: a critical review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Louis Marcel, Mathieu Specklin, Smaine Kouidri
The various surgical interventions in young patients result in a modified anatomy of the heart, of the systemic and pulmonary circulation. For instance, the Fontan procedure is a surgical intervention used in children suffering from various CHDs such as triscupid atresias (absence of right atrioventricular connection) or univentricular hearts. The interventions modifies the blood circulation around and inside the heart and is described in Figure 4. The venous blood coming from superior and inferior vena cava is diverted directly to the pulmonary arteries without passing through the ventricle. Pulmonary and systemic circulation are then placed in series with the dingle ventricle. As devices are designed for normal morphology, patients that have completed the Fontan operation present an inferior surival compared to those with bi-ventricular physiology (42% vs 73%) [47]. [48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]
Related Knowledge Centers
- Abdominal Aorta
- Anatomy
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Superior Vena Cava
- Vein
- Atrium
- Heart
- Blood
- Coronary Sinus
- Great Vessels