Non-DR Retinal Vascular Diseases
Ching-Yu Cheng, Tien Yin Wong in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2022
Systemic arterial hypertension is a major global chronic non-communicable disease causing diverse complications (cardiovascular, stroke, kidney disease, and retinopathy) and affecting about one-fourth of the world population. This number is expected to rise to 29% by 2025 (42). In developing nations, hypertension is a significant public health problem and a leading cause of death and disability. At present the absolute prevalence of hypertension is estimated at ~ 37.7% in the economically developed nations versus 22.9% in developing countries (43). However, the absolute number of individuals affected in the developing nations is significantly higher due to the larger population living in these countries. Based on modeled projections, Kearney et al. estimated that by 2025 there would be about 1.17 billion individuals with hypertension living in the developing countries, comprising as high as three-fourths of the global burden of hypertension (43). Substantial variability is seen in the prevalence across countries as well: hypertension is present in ∼35% of the Latin American population, 20–30% of the Chinese and Indian population, and ∼14% in sub-Saharan African countries (42). Apart from racial and ethnic differences globally, increasing urbanization, changes in lifestyle, nutritional status, lack of awareness regarding the complications and insufficient treatment are contributing causes for this heterogeneity in the prevalence.
Atherosclerosis
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia in Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
Arteriosclerosis is usually associated with arterial hypertension.222,294 The causes of hypertension can be: (1) nonspecific renal failure, (2) renal neoplasm and ischemia, (3) hyperactive tumor of the adrenal cortex or medulla, (4) complicated pregnancy, and (5) obesity. Arteriosclerosis affects the kidney more than any other organ, but the most important complications of hypertension involve the heart. Hypertension promotes the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent myocardial infarction by increased workload to the heart and increased peripheral resistance. In response to this increased output demand the heart undergoes hypertrophy, and it dilates when a critical level is reached. Eventually heart failure ensues, the most common cause of death in hypertensive patients. Reduced heart function decreases the renal blood flow and filtration potentiating the vicious circle. Patients with hypertension can be controlled by means of medication, and most complications of hypertensive cardiovascular disease are thus avoided. However, some of the drugs used can be toxic and cause severe side effects. Antihypertensive agents can be phenyl piperazine derivatives, or (3-adrenoceptor blockers, among others. Cardiotonic agents are commonly used in heart failure to increase the contractile force of the myocardium. It is not unusual to add agents to control the rhythm since electric disturbances are usually present.
Naturopathic Medicine and the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston in Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
Learning to identify and address the root cause of cardiovascular dysfunction, such as high blood pressure, is essential for healing to occur. Hypertension can be due to many factors including stress, hormone imbalance, environmental toxin exposure, lack of exercise, medications, obesity, and/or nutritional deficiencies. Lowering a surrogate marker such as blood pressure using diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, β-blockers, or other medications never truly addresses the cause, which if left unchecked will result in additional physiological change and damage. Moreover, putting patients on medications is a lot easier than taking them off. Therefore, when addressing CVD, physicians must look at all causative factors before recommending treatment options and start with the safest therapies first.
Type 2 diabetes with hypertensive patients results in changes to features of adipocytokines: Leptin, Irisin, LGR4, and Sfrp5
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2019
Baoxin Li, Qi Yao, Shuqin Guo, Shuang Ma, Yuehua Dong, Huanhuan Xin, He Wang, Lifang Liu, Wenlong Chang, Yunliang Zhang
Hypertension is featured of the elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is the most widespread chronic disease and the most momentous risk factor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (16). Nagalingam et al. had arrived at a conclusion that Class I/I genotypes of Leptin was at greater danger for developing hypertension (17). Other studies draw a conclusion that the synergistic reaction of exogenous Leptin and endogenous insulin is essential for the hypoglycemic effect of Leptin (18,19). Compared with non-diabetes patients, the level of Leptin in diabetics is depressed in obese women (20), the specific mechanism is not yet clear, but we believed that changes in hormone levels in obese women lead to this change.In our study, we tested the concentrations of Leptin in diabetes with or without hypertension, and our results revealed higher Leptin levels in T2DM patients than in the healthy subjects, this conclusion is also given by Gu,s study (20). Further research indicated that the Leptin content ascending observably paralleled with the elevating of blood pressure, It prompted that hypertension may cause the incremental concentrations of Leptin. This is probably achieved by Leptin acting in brain some locales away from circumventricular partitions, stimulating activity of signaling pathways such as phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways, which is a common marker of Leptin receptor activation (21).
Comparison of ablation characteristics of three different radiofrequency applicators in renal sympathetic denervation
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Yanyan Cheng, Hongxing Liu, Zhen Tian, Meng Zhang, Youjun Liu, Qun Nan
Resistant hypertension (RH) is a chronic disease characterized by uncontrollable levels of 140/90 mmHg with the use of four or more blood pressure (BP)-lowering drugs [1]. This chronic disease can cause a higher risk of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and ischemic stroke, as well as chronic kidney disease and death [2]. Therefore, it has received significant attention in the field of global public health. Hypertension can be caused by many factors, including adverse diet and living habits, excessive activation of the renal sympathetic nerve, and hyperactivation of the renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system [3]. Studies have shown that removing sympathetic nerves may reduce BP [4]. However, surgical sympathectomy has been abandoned because of its side effects, trauma, slow recovery, and high morbidity [5].
Safety profile of meglumine antimoniate intralesional infiltration for cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Herbert J. Fernandes, Rosiana E. da Silva, Dario B. Ramalho, Marta G. Aguiar, Josiane N. Silveira, Gláucia Cota
In contrast to that described by other authors [15–18], in this study, we observed a rate of systemic clinical events of 47.3%. A systematic review evaluating antimony toxicity, both in parenteral use and intralesional infiltration, in the context [6] of CL in the Americas has already pointed to the underestimation of the rate of adverse events in the literature. In this review, only three studies (144 patients) describing adverse events with MA intralesional infiltration were identified [13,19,20]. Adverse events were described as mild to moderate in approximately 98% of the cases and consisted of mainly pain, erythema and edema at the infiltration site. In another systematic review evaluating antimony intralesional infiltration efficacy worldwide [3], of the 40 studies included, 12 (30%) did not report any adverse events. Among the studies reporting toxicity, there was no report of clinical or laboratory systemic adverse events. In the present study, the most frequently reported symptoms were myalgia and arthralgia and were the same in MA intravenous or intramuscular administration. The only factor significantly associated with the occurrence of systemic clinical symptoms was hypertension. The concomitant use of other drugs, age, and renal function, among others, has been explored without justifying such associations, which to date remains unexplained.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Blood Pressure
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Visual Impairment
- Stroke
- Artery
- Heart Failure
- Chronic Condition
- Peripheral Artery Disease