Noninvasive Diagnostic Procedures in Clinical Thrombosis
Hau C. Kwaan, Meyer M. Samama in Clinical Thrombosis, 2019
Superficial thrombophlebitis is usually diagnosed on clinical grounds alone when the characteristic pattern of a warm, tender, superficial cord occurs along the course of a superficial vein. Noninvasive testing is helpful when it is difficult to differentiate this pattern from cellulitis or lymphangitis. In one study only a third of clinically suspected cases of superficial thrombophlebitis had venous thrombosis on noninvasive testing.5 Superficial thrombophlebitis by definition always results in thrombosis of the involved segment. Thus, if a vein has flow by Doppler testing, it cannot be involved in thrombophlebitis. In the presence of lymphangitis or cellulitis, the vein is patent and may have a more continuous than normal velocity signal due to increased flow caused by inflammation.
Drug treatment of varicose veins, venous edema, and ulcers
Peter Gloviczki, Michael C. Dalsing, Bo Eklöf, Fedor Lurie, Thomas W. Wakefield, Monika L. Gloviczki in Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 2017
Varicose veins and edema are best managed by the use of compression, ablation techniques, or surgery to treat incompetent saphenous trunks, varices, and perforating veins.Some phlebotonic drugs improve the symptoms and edema associated with venous disease. These could be used in association with compression for the management of troublesome symptoms.Venous ulcers are best managed by strong compression and wound management. In patients with incompetent superficial veins and perforators, these should be managed by ablation techniques or surgery.Long-standing or large venous ulcers may benefit from treatment with either pentoxifylline of MPFF used in combination with compression.
Vascular
Michael Gaunt, Tjun Tang, Stewart Walsh in General Surgery Outpatient Decisions, 2018
Varicose veins are dilated superficial veins in the leg caused by incompetent valves allowing high-pressure blood to reflux from the deep veins into the superficial veins. In the long term (years) this may lead to venous stasis, ankle oedema, lipodermatosclerosis and eventually ulceration. Most varicose veins referred to the vascular clinic consist of primary varicose veins affecting the long or short saphenous systems. However, up to 20% of patients present with recurrent varicose veins arising from previous varicose vein treatment. Other patients may present with dilated superficial veins that are not varicose, or they are worried about the cosmetic appearance of thread veins with or without associated varicose veins. Occasionally, visible veins are either normal or caused by some congenital abnormality or underlying pathology for which varicose vein surgery would be inappropriate.
A review of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Oneib Khan, Ashley Marmaro, David A Cohen
UEDVT is much less common than lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT); registry data currently estimate that UEDVT makes up about 6% of DVT cases [3]. Historically, the annual incidence of UEDVT was estimated to be 0.4–1 per 10,000 [4]. A recent population-based study from France found the annual incidence to be on the higher end at 0.98 per 10,000 [5]. This could equate to as much as a 2.45-fold risk increase. The incidence may be on the rise with the increasing use of central venous catheters (CVC). UEDVT tend to appear in the proximal deep veins: the subclavian vein is most commonly affected (76%), followed by the axillary vein (47%), and the brachial vein (36%). A single vein is affected 38% of the time, but more often multiple veins are involved. UEDVT can involve other deep veins such as the brachiocephalic and internal jugular veins in about 28% and 56% of cases, respectively. Occasionally, superficial veins may be involved as well [6].
By word of mouse: using animal models in venous thrombosis research
Published in Platelets, 2020
Deep veins are large veins located inside tissues (as opposed to superficial veins). Thus, a model should be performed on similar vessels in the animal, ideally those considered deep veins, such as, for example, femoral or ileac vein. In humans, DVT develops in association with venous valves, which normally prevent backflow of the blood ensuring correct flow direction. Blood flow in the valves is turbulent, which results in prolonged time the blood stays in the valvular sinus [8]. Thus, the reason of thrombosis initiation is frequently (but not exclusively) depression of flow sometimes reaching the degree of full stagnation or stasis. Consequently, a model should ideally involve vessels that contain valves or at least recapitulate blood flow disturbance as a driving force of thrombus development.
Subclinical Retinal Capillary Abnormalities in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus without Ocular Involvement
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Büşra Yılmaz Tuğan, Hafize Emine Sönmez, Nurşen Yüksel, Levent Karabaş
According to studies on diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, sickle cell retinopathy, and Behçet disease without eye involvement, capillaries in DCP are more susceptible to ischemia than in SCP.21,22 This could be attributed to the fact that the capillary structure of SCP and DCP differs, with the SCP containing transverse capillaries that merge arterioles and venules and DCP containing capillaries that are arranged radially and converging in a center (epicenter), forming polygonal-shaped units. These units empty into the superficial venules that are connected to superficial veins.23 Furthermore, DCP has a complex vascular structure that meets the high metabolic needs of the highly differentiated photoreceptors, is distant from the arterioles, and is more susceptible to being affected when blood flow is compromised as it drains into the superficial venules.24 Although SCP parameters were lower in the JSLE group compared to HCs, this difference did not reach statistical significance. All VD parameters in DCP were observed to significantly decreased in JSLE patients. Consistent with all these findings in the literature, we suggested that retinal vascular involvement in JSLE patients starts from DCP and DCP is more predominantly affected by inflammatory damage in the vessel wall because of its organization and role in meeting metabolic demand. Recent literature demonstrated that DCP nonperfusion has a significant influence on photoreceptor integrity, therefore future research studying decreased VD in the DCP could be informative.25
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cephalic Vein
- External Jugular Vein
- Median Cubital Vein
- Physiology
- Varicose Veins
- Vein
- Artery
- Deep Vein
- Strength Training
- Venipuncture