Temporal Region and Lateral Brow
Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych in Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
The superficial temporal vein drains a widespread region of the scalp. It: Joins with the corresponding vein of the contralateral side, and with the supratrochlear, supraorbital, posterior auricular, and occipital veins.Has a variable number of branches in the scalp.Runs independently from the frontal and parietal branches of the superficial temporal artery, except for its proximal portion.Crosses the zygomatic arch, unites with the maxillary vein inside the parotid gland, and forms the retromandibular vein.Receives blood from the parotid veins, articular veins from the temporomandibular joint, anterior auricular veins, and the transverse facial vein.
Middle Fossa Surgery
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed in Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
This is either an inferiorly based U-shaped flap or a vertical line. It begins 0.5 cm anterior to the base of the helix, at the level of the zygomatic arch, and extends approximately 7 cm superiorly. Branches of the superficial temporal artery that are encountered at this stage should be ligated to avoid post-operative bleeding. The temporalis fascia plane is developed by finger dissection. An incision is placed in the temporalis muscle along its insertion line and it is elevated inferiorly and anteriorly taking care to preserve its neurovascular supply. Elevation of the temporalis exposes the squamous part of the temporal bone. The root of the zygoma indicates the level of the MF floor and it is crucial that the initial exposure adequately identifies this both anteriorly and inferiorly.
Facial anatomy
Michael Parker, Charlie James in Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The corrugators are innervated by the temporal branches of the facial nerve and their arterial supply comes from the ophthalmic artery, as described when we discussed the frontalis muscle. In some people, the lateral aspect of the corrugators also receives some of their arterial supply from branches of the superior temporal artery, which itself is a branch of the external carotid artery. The superficial temporal artery further has parietal and frontal branches. It is the frontal branches that are of interest to us regarding the arterial supply of the corrugator supercilii muscles. The parietal branches curve posteriorly and superiorly to join up with the posterior auricular and occipital arteries.
Oral mucosa grafting in periorbital reconstruction
Published in Orbit, 2018
Andre Grixti, Raman Malhotra
Buccal mucosa is delimited by the outer commissure of the lips anteriorly, the anterior tonsillar pillar posteriorly, the maxillary vestibular fold superiorly, and the mandibular vestibular fold inferiorly. Vascular supply is derived predominantly from branches of the maxillary artery. These include the buccal artery, the middle and posterior superior alveolar arteries, and the anterior superior alveolar branch of the infraorbital artery. The transverse facial artery, a branch of the superficial temporal artery provides additional blood supply. Buccal mucosa is innervated by the long buccal nerve, a branch of the third division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV3) and the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar branches of the second division of the trigeminal nerve (CNV2). The facial nerve also contributes sensory innervation to the buccal mucosa.74,75
Surgical treatment of foreign body embolus in the Middle cerebral artery secondary to neck injury
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Hui Wang, Xin-Jie Ning, Chuan Chen, Cong Lin, Jia-Ji Liang, Yu-Zhang Li
He had a right frontotemporal craniotomy. The superficial temporal artery was retained. The lateral Sylvian fissure was dissected under ultrasonic guidance to expose the M2 branch of the right MCA. We found the bifurcation of the M2 upper trunk to be swollen and pale; moreover, we also observed narrowed distal blood vessels, thinner vascular walls at the bifurcation, and a conspicuous metallic foreign body was seen through the arterial wall (Figure 3). After temporary occlusion, we incised the bifurcation of the artery and observed that the metallic foreign body was surrounded by recent granulation tissue. Only the foreign body was removed slowly (Figure 4) while retaining the granulation tissue to prevent further damage to the thinned arterial wall. The vessel lumen was rinsed with heparin saline, and 10-0 prolene was used to close the arteriotomy. Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography suggested that the distal artery was still obstructed. Therefore, the sutures removed from the vessel and the granulation tissue was carefully separated. Then the temporary clips were removed and the blood flow was good. Heparin saline was used to rinse the vessel lumen, and the artereotomy was sutured with 10-0 prolene (Figures 5 and 6). Indocyanine green angiography confirmed that this vessel was patent.
A temporofrontal fascia flap that penetrated temporal muscle for the reconstruction of an anterior skull base bone and dura: a technical case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Makoto Katsuno, Koichi Uchida, Akira Matsuno
However, there are some disadvantages. First, there is a potential for lack of blood flow to the pedicled flap. During the preparation of vascularised flaps, it is necessary to consider the surgical anatomy of the scalp and temporal muscle. The scalp consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, the galea aponeurotica, subgaleal loose connective tissue and periosteum and it is supplied by several arteries such as the supraorbital, supratrochlear, superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries, with connective arteries between each of these arteries to the skin and temporal muscle.1 As demonstrated in our clinical case, the pericranial flap sacrifices blood supply from the supraorbital or supratrochlear arteries. However, the blood supply to the pericranial flap is maintained by the temporal muscle fascia because the pericranium is firmly attached to the fascia of the deep temporalis muscle by connective arteries and tissues at the temporal line.1 The temporal muscle fascia is supplied from the middle temporal artery, a branch of the superficial temporal artery. This artery usually originates 0.5–2 cm below the zygomatic arch and enters the deep temporal fascia.2 From the anatomical point of view, the blood supply for a pedicled flap from the temporofrontal fascia to the frontal pericranium is maintained from the middle temporal artery by making the base of the pedicled flap parallel to the zygomatic bone. Therefore, the surgeon has to pay attention to preserve the connective arteries surrounding the temporal line in order to maintain blood supply to the pedicled flap.