Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulation
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead in Human Medical Thermography, 2023
In the feet, non-exercise glomus dilation appears less often and less intense than in the hands (Figure 5.12a). The foot veins, while initially located in the subdermal fat over the metatarsals and tarsals, dive deep at the ankle to accompany the anterior tibial artery. This deep venous system is invisible to infrared imaging until reaching the groin. The subdermal great saphenous vein progresses up the medial leg from just in front of the medial malleolus of the ankle to the groin, where it meets the larger femoral vein. The small saphenous vein starts behind the lateral malleolus of the ankle and runs subdermally up the back of the leg to the knee. Both saphenous veins may be seen by infrared occasionally, and these veins frequently generate varicosities that are thermally visible, smaller superficial leg veins may also become varicose (Figure 5.12b).
Pre-, intra-, and post-treatment use of duplex ultrasound (thermal and non-thermal)
Joseph A. Zygmunt in Venous Ultrasound, 2020
The common peroneal nerve (CPN) also has a sensory–motor function (Figure 9.25a,b). It is a distal branch of the sciatic nerve and can run along the lateral fibular head. Injury to the common peroneal nerve can result in foot drop, with loss of sensation on the top of the foot. Incidence of injury with surgery to the small saphenous vein has been reported at 2%–4.7% [26]. The relationship between the saphenopopliteal junction and the common peroneal nerve is well studied [27]. Due to the proximity of this nerve to the lateral fibular head, many practitioners use precautions with compression dressings or wraps so as to not cause entrapment and irritation of this nerve.
The Bladder (BL)
Narda G. Robinson in Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Small saphenous vein: Begins as a continuation of the lateral marginal vein, and ascends along the posterior aspect of the lateral malleolus. It courses along the lateral border of the calcaneal tendon and penetrates deep fascia over the midline of the fibula. The small saphenous vein then ascends between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, pierces the deep popliteal fascia, and empties into the popliteal vein.
Numerical study of hemodynamics in a complete coronary bypass with venous and arterial grafts and different degrees of stenosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Shila Alizadehghobadi, Hasan Biglari, Hanieh Niroomand-Oscuii, Meisam H. Matin
One of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases is coronary artery disease which is the leading cause of death all over the world (Wong 2014). The stenosis or blockage of the artery brings about a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle and therefore causes problems for blood supply to the heart. One of the main treatments for the coronary artery blockage is bypass surgery in which an alternative graft is used to compensate for the blood flow reduction through the coronary artery (Arima et al. 2005; Deb et al. 2013). This graft is connected to the aorta from upstream and to the coronary artery from downstream. Internal thoracic artery (ITA) and small saphenous vein are the commonly used vessels in bypass. The main issue encountered after the bypass surgery is stenosis or partial blockage of the graft which occurs due to the variations in the hemodynamic conditions leading to the failure of the grafting. The hemodynamic conditions strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the artery tissues. Since the accurate experimental evaluation of the parameters is almost elusive due to the challenges associated with the ultrasonic velocity measurement, numerical simulations can examine the flow conditions and hemodynamics conveniently but with some limitations. Owida et al. (2012) provided an overview on numerical simulations of the flow pattern and wall shear stress in the occluded coronary arteries.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gastrocnemius Muscle
- Great Saphenous Vein
- Malleolus
- Popliteal Vein
- Superficial Vein
- Sural Nerve
- Subcutaneous Tissue
- Leg
- Little Finger
- Dorsal Venous Arch of The Foot