Single best answer (SBA)
Tristan Barrett, Nadeem Shaida, Ashley Shaw, Adrian K. Dixon in Radiology for Undergraduate Finals and Foundation Years, 2018
A 67-year-old man presents with left leg weakness with reduced sensation and milder, predominantly distal, left arm weakness. CT head shows low attenuation within the right medial frontal and parietal lobes. To which arterial territory does this correspond? Anterior cerebral artery.Middle cerebral artery.Posterior cerebral artery.Vertebral artery.Superior cerebellar artery.
Brain regions, lesions, and stroke syndromes
Christos Tziotzios, Jesse Dawson, Matthew Walters, Kennedy R Lees in Stroke in Practice, 2017
The midline basilar artery runs up in front of the pons to give off the small pontine branches, which supply, as their name betrays, the pons. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the labyrinthine artery are also branches of the basilar artery and supply anterior and inferior cerebellum and inner ear, respectively. The basilar artery ascends up and ends at the upper end of the pons by dividing into the superior cerebellar branches just before giving rise to the posterior cerebral arteries. The former supplies the remaining superior part of the cerebellum, as well as the mesencephalon and upper pons. The posterior cerebral artery supplies the visual cortex of the occipital lobe (but the macula can be MCA-supplied). The inferomedial portion of the temporal lobe, posterior and inferior parts of parietal, and the lateral thalamus (via the thalamogeniculate branch) are also supplied by the PCA. It should be noted that the posterior cerebral artery may receive some of its blood from the internal carotid and not the basilar, the basilar artery being a later embryological development. A number of perforating arteries arising from the posterior cerebral or the posterior communicating arteries (see below) supply the anterior part of the midbrain and aspects of subthalamus and hypothalamus. In summary, the posterior cerebral arteries are crucial to the occipital lobes, midbrain, thalamus, and parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
Cerebrovascular Disease
John W. Scadding, Nicholas A. Losseff in Clinical Neurology, 2011
Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery is commonly embolic and more patients with posterior cerebral syndromes are in atrial fibrillation, than with other large vessel occlusions (Figure 23.8). Emboli usually reach the posterior cerebral arteries via the vertebrobasilar system, but it should be borne in mind that in about 5 per cent of individuals, one posterior cerebral artery is supplied by a dominant posterior communicating branch of the internal carotid artery. Thus, posterior cerebral artery occlusion is occasionally caused by embolization from carotid stenosis. The posterior cerebral artery principally supplies the occipital cortex, and occlusion usually causes an isolated hemianopia. This may spare the visual representation of the macular fibres when these may receive collateral supply from the middle cerebral artery. When infarction extends anteriorly to affect parieto-occipital areas, neglect syndromes may accompany the hemianopia. The posterior cerebral arteries also supply the thalami and the medial posterior temporal lobes. If these structures are involved, the patient may present with confusion, or memory impairment (thalamic or medial temporal amnesia). If both posterior cerebral artery territories are infarcted, as may happen when an embolus lodges at the top of the basilar artery, cortical blindness and confusion ensue. Sometimes, these patients may be left with tunnel vision and may recognize small but not large objects. Memory impairment following this may be severe, especially for the acquisition of new information.
Comparison of radiological versus clinical cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: is vasospasm always present?
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Djula Djilvesi, Igor Horvat, Bojan Jelaca, Jagos Golubovic, Filip Pajicic, Petar Vulekovic
Control CTA findings were analyzed independently by a radiologist and researcher. Data about the presence, region and intensity of vasospasm were determined by radiologist comparing control and admission CTA findings, without exact measuring the blood vessels. Researcher measured seven segments of the proximal blood vessels of the brain in their distal parts at admission and control CTA: 1. suprasellar part of the Internal carotid artery; 2. M1 segment of the Medial cerebral artery; 3. A1 segment of the Anterior cerebral artery; 4. A2 segment of the Anterior cerebral artery; 5. P1 segment of the Posterior cerebral artery; 6. vertebral artery, and 7. basilar artery. If there were signs of vasospasm in distal circulation (M2 and M3), these data were noted and taken into account in statistical analysis. In determining the presence of vasospasm, findings by both a radiologist and researcher were taken into account. The presence of cerebral vasospasm was classified as: 1. present (degree of narrowing of the blood vessel 5–100%, taking into account the possibility of error in the measurement) and 2. absent (0–5% narrowing). Narrowing of the arteries on angiographic images on the basis of the measured values was classified into: 1. mild (5–33%); 2. moderate (34–66%), and 3. severe (67–100%).
Training flexible conceptual retrieval in post-stroke aphasia
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Sara Stampacchia, Glyn P. Hallam, Hannah E. Thompson, Upasana Nathaniel, Lucilla Lanzoni, Jonathan Smallwood, Matthew A. Lambon Ralph, Elizabeth Jefferies
MRI scans were traced onto standardized templates (Damasio & Damasio, 1989) and lesion identification was manually performed (see Table 2 and Figure 1 for lesion overlay). All eleven patients had lesions affecting the left posterior LIFG; in eight cases this damage extended to mid-to-anterior LIFG. Parietal regions (supramarginal gyrus and/or angular gyrus) were also affected in 9 cases out of 11, and pMTG was affected in all but four cases. While there was some damage to ATL in 4 patients (SD, KQ, KA, VN), the ventral portion of ATL, which has been implicated in conceptual representation across modalities (Binney et al., 2012; Visser et al., 2012), was intact in all cases. This region is supplied by both the anterior temporal cortical artery of the middle cerebral artery and the anterior temporal branch of the distal posterior cerebral artery, reducing its vulnerability to stroke (Borden, 2006; Conn, 2008; Phan et al., 2005). The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were intact in all patients.
Revisiting the pineal gland: a review of calcification, masses, precocious puberty, and melatonin functions
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Shrey Patel, Benjamin Rahmani, Jason Gandhi, Omar Seyam, Gunjan Joshi, Inefta Reid, Noel L. Smith, Wayne C. Waltzer, Sardar Ali Khan
Moreover, the pineal gland a diencephalonic structure so it is connected to the third ventricle. It is observed to be dark brown in color and is covered by the pia mater. Although it is a true diencephalonic structure, it is positioned between the diencephalon and mesencephalon. Due to its positioning and function, the pineal gland is highly vascularized. The two main arteries are the medial posterior choroidal arteries and anatomically branch from the posterior cerebral artery. The highly vascular area suggests that the collateral branches of the vessels passing the area provide the supply to the pineal gland. The inner vascular structures are composed of large capillaries and unlike many brain structures there is little to no association with the blood brain barrier [8]. The complex anatomical features of the pineal gland have deterred physicians from attempting to remove cysts and tumors located in the area. However, due to its lack of reliance on the blood brain barrier, pharmacological treatment approaches may very well be feasible.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Basilar Artery
- Cerebral Arteries
- Internal Carotid Artery
- Middle Cerebral Artery
- Posterior Communicating Artery
- Occipital Lobe
- Blood
- Artery
- Brain
- Thalamus