The Spinal Cord and the Suboccipital Triangle
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause in Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
As stated previously, the occipital artery is a branch of the external carotid artery. Its course and distribution have also been described. The profunda cervicis arises from the costocervical trunk - a branch of the subclavian artery - at the root of the neck. The profunda cervicis ascends in the neck, dorsal to the transverse processes, deep to the semispinalis cervicis and capitis. In its course, it anastomoses with branches of the vertebral artery and the occipital artery.
Clinical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: patients not eligible for free flaps, a systematic review of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
Giuseppe Colella, Raffaele Rauso, Davide De Cicco, Ciro Emiliano Boschetti, Brigida Iorio, Chiara Spuntarelli, Renato Franco, Gianpaolo Tartaro
Since it was firstly introduced by Jianu in 1909 [59], the SCM myocutaneous flap remain a useful alternative for reconstruction of various defects of the head and neck region, with short operative time required. Current indications for SCM flap are: (1) defects located ipsilateral in the lower part of the face; (2) defects in the ipsilateral neck [60]. The blood supply is based on the occipital artery, that ensure a reliable vascularization and an ample arch of rotation to the pedicle. Harvesting the SCM flap, a partial thickness clavicular segment can be included if composite reconstructions are required, which makes it unique among local and regional flaps [61]. The limited mobility of the skin in the neck region allows only small- to medium-sized skin paddle to be harvested. In case of large donor site defects, the surrounding tissues do not allow primary closure and a subsequent reconstruction of the donor site itself must be considered [60,62]. The possible delay in donor site healing that can affect the postoperative management if adjuvant radiotherapy of the neck is required. Moreover, long scars and overall poor esthetical outcomes justify the unpopularity of this flap among surgeons. Relative contraindications to the use of the SCM are the previous irradiation of dissection of the neck [60,61].
Fraxetin protects rat brains from the cerebral stroke via promoting angiogenesis and activating PI3K/Akt pathway
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Yuhuan Cui, Meihong Liu, Li Zuo, Haiyan Wang, Jian Liu
The Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into three average groups including sham group, model group, and fraxetin-50 group. After anesthesia by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium, all rats were prepared for establishing ischemia and reperfusion rat models. Specifically, rats were put on a heat pad (XR-YLS-20A, XinRun Information Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China) to maintain body temperature at 37 °C and placed at decubitus supine position. Next, their right common carotid artery (CCA) was exposed and separated carefully. Then the CCA was ligated at the more proximal side through a right paramedian incision. The external carotid artery (ECA) was also ligated. The occipital artery and the pterygopalatine artery were coagulated. Ischemia was produced by advancing the tip of a rounded 3-0 suture (SXMD2B408, Ethicon, New Brunswick, NJ) into the ICA through the ECA. After placement for 2 h, the intraluminal suture was secured with suture tied around the ECA. Reperfusion was produced by withdrawal of the intraluminal suture. In the sham group, the ECA was surgically prepared for the insertion of the filament, but the filament was not inserted [26]. After 24-h reperfusion, the rat samples were evaluated through multiple experiments. The fraxetin was intragastrically administrated with a dosage of 50 mg/kg/d for 14 d in fraxetin-50 group. The ischemia and reperfusion operations were carried out 1 h after the last intragastrical administration of fraxetin.
Corticosteroids reduce vascular ultrasound sensitivity in fast- track pathways (FTP): results from Coventry Multi-Disciplinary FTP for cranial Giant Cell Arteritis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
J Pinnell, C Tiivas, P Mehta, S Dubey
This pathway is reliant on three teams working together to deliver the service: vascular ultrasound, ophthalmology, and rheumatology. We have not come across other examples of such team working for the delivery of GCA pathways, but there are multiple advantages with this approach. The traditional models suffer from an inability to scan other blood vessels, including carotids, particularly for patients presenting with amaurosis fugax or features suggesting TIA. Occipital artery involvement is another area where the vascular team may have an advantage (30). Furthermore, it becomes problematic when individuals are on leave, and this puts serious constraints on the service. The recent publication of a Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT) document, which is part of an aligned set of programmes within National Health Service (NHS) England and NHS Improvement, also emphasizes that the GCA service should not be run single-handedly (31). Our pathway received a commendation from British Society for Rheumatology (BSR) in 2018 as part of best practice awards. We also perform carotid artery scanning for patients with unilateral visual loss, which is not part of other FTPs.
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