Upper Limb
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott in Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Superficial venous systemThe dorsum of the hand displays the dorsal venous network which drain into the cephalic and basilic veins on the lateral and medial side, respectively.The cephalic vein ascends on the lateral side of the forearm and arm and it passes through the deltopectoral groove in the shoulder before emptying into the axillary vein.The basilic vein runs posteromedially to pass anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. In the arm, it pierces the brachial fascia and joins the paired deep brachial veins to form the axillary vein.The median cubital vein connects the cephalic and basilic veins anterior to the cubital fossa.
Urinary system
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha in Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
IVU examines the urinary tract following the introduction of water-soluble non-ionic radio-opaque contrast media. Typically the median cubital vein is punctured with a 19 gauge needle and the warmed (18–20oC)contrast media is injected in one bolus. The contrast medium is excreted by the kidneys, rendering the urine opaque to X-rays and allowing visualisation of the renal parenchyma together with the calyces, renal pelvis, ureters and bladder. Abdominal preparation is normally necessary, but is abandoned if the examination is carried out as an emergency procedure. The examination is normally carried out using conventional over-couch radiography equipment capable of performing tomography. Use of abdominal compression is employed in many centres to delay drainage and promote filling of the renal pelvis/calyceal system.
Upper Limb
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno in Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
In general the arteries and veins of the human upper limb have similar configurations and analogous names. Therefore, gross anatomy students are usually encouraged to focus more on the arteries and to study in detail only the veins that differ markedly from the arteries. The superficial veins of the upper limb, and particularly of the forearm and arm, are examples of veins that have no clear analogs in the arterial system (Plate 4.4). The axillary vein is the major deep vein at the level of the axillary (or arm-pit) region. It is joined by the cephalic vein, so named for its direction of drainage toward the head, within the deltopectoral triangle (Plate 4.5b). Apart from these connections with the axillary vein, the superficial veins are also connected to the other deep veins via the perforating veins. The cephalic vein then continues superficially to pass into the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. In the cubital fossa of the elbow region, the median cubital vein connects the cephalic vein and the basilic vein (which emerges from beneath the brachial fascia just proximal to the elbow and forms a network of veins surrounding the brachial artery). The boundaries of the cubital fossa are: lateral (brachiora-dialis), medial (pronator teres), superior (imaginary line connecting medial and lateral humeral epicondyles), superficial (antebrachial fascia), and deep (brachialis and supinator). The basilic and cephalic veins anastomose in the hand via the dorsal venous arch, which collects venous drainage from the posterior (dorsal) surface of the hand and digits.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor downregulates interferon-gamma receptor expression and stimulates interleukin-6 production in activated human macrophages
Published in Growth Factors, 2019
V. I. Seledtsov, V. V. Malashchenko, M. E. Meniailo, N. D. Gazatova, G. V. Seledtsova
Sixteen healthy female and male donors aged between 21 and 40 years participated in this study. Heparinized blood samples were taken from median cubital vein according to a standard clinical procedure. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated using Ficoll-Paque (Ficoll-Paque™ PREMIUM, 1.077 ± 0.001 g/mL, GE Healthcare, USA) gradient centrifugation. CD14-positive cells were isolated from PBMC by magnetic column separation (MS columns, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) using CD14 MicroBeads (CD14 Micro Beads human, Miltenyi Biotec), according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Purity and viability of isolated CD14-positive cells were assessed by staining with peridinin chlorophyll (PerCP)-labeled anti-CD14 antibody (Ab), (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) and a membrane impermeable dye propidium iodide (PI) (eBioscience).
Platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes contribute to the exercise-triggered release of extracellular vesicles into the circulation
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2019
Alexandra Brahmer, Elmo Neuberger, Leona Esch-Heisser, Nils Haller, Malene Moeller Jorgensen, Rikke Baek, Wiebke Möbius, Perikles Simon, Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
After completion of the test, the third venous blood drawing was performed within 2 min after exhaustion. For venous blood drawing, 33 ml of blood were taken from the median cubital vein with a Safety-Multifly® needle (0.8 × 19 mm) (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and collected in tripotassium-EDTA covered Monovettes® (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and S-Monovettes® (Z-Gel, for serum analysis of non-EV parameters) (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany), respectively.
Circulating levels of Elabela and Apelin in the second and third trimesters of pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Yan-Yan Guo, Tong Li, Han Liu, Lin Tang, Yu-Chen Li, Hong-Tao Hu, Yun-Fei Su, Yu Lin, Yin-Yu Wang, Cheng Li, He-Feng Huang, Li Jin, Xin-Mei Liu
Detailed information on the basic demographic data was obtained from each subject. All blood samples were collected from the median cubital vein. Blood specimens were immediately centrifuged (2000 g/min for 10 min at 4 °C) to separate serum and stored at −80 °C until assayed. We detected ELA levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (catalog #S-1508.0001, Peninsula Laboratories International Inc, San Carlos, USA) that had an average IC50 of 2.0 ng/ml with a 0–100 ng/ml range. APLN levels were detected by Elisa kit (catalog #CSB-E14334h, Cusbio, Houston, USA), whose standard deviation of intra- and inter-asssay precision is less than 8% and less than 10%, respectively. Plasma glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured by a glycated hemoglobin analyzer (TOSOH HLC-723G8, Japan). Serum levels of plasma glucose, TG, TC, low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL) (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) were assayed using a biochemical analyzer (Roche c702, Switzerland). Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality tests were performed to examine the distribution of continuous variables. Characteristics and biochemical parameters of the pregnant women were described using mean, standard deviation (SD) or median, 25 and 75% quartile for continuous variables and frequency for categorical variables. Comparisons between the GDM and control groups were assessed by Student’s unpaired t-tests or chi-square analyses. In this process, concentrations of ELA, APLN, TG, and HDL were log-transformed to an approximately symmetric distribution because of a skewed distribution. Then, Pearson correlation coefficients were run to explore the relationships between the levels of ELA and APLN and other biochemical parameters. All reported probability values were two-tailed, and the criterion for significance was set as p < .05. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), and figures were constructed with GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Arm
- Basilic Vein
- Bicipital Aponeurosis
- Cephalic Vein
- Superficial Vein
- Cannula
- Body
- Venipuncture
- Lumen
- Cubital Fossa