Head and Neck
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott in Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Carotid systemOriginThe right common carotid artery arises from a bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk (the right subclavian artery is the other branch).The left common carotid artery branches directly from the arch of aorta.The left and right common carotid arteries ascend up the neck, lateral to the trachea and the oesophagus. They do not give off any branches in the neck.CourseAt the level of the superior margin of the thyroid cartilage (C4), the carotid arteries split into the external and internal carotid arteries. The internal carotid arteries do not supply any structures in the neck, entering the cranial cavity via the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone.
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations and Management in Transthyretin (TTR) Related Amyloidosis
Gilles Grateau, Robert A. Kyle, Martha Skinner in Amyloid and Amyloidosis, 2004
Of various clinical symptoms, those in the autonomic dysfunction group have the greatest effect on patients’ lives, because they restrict the daily life of FAP patients. To evaluate various types of autonomic dysfunction, we employed several methods, some of which we originally developed. We previously reported the relationship between cerebral blood flow and orthostatic hypotension as determined by echo-ultrasonography. Reverse flow in the common carotid artery and the vertebral artery was always noted when patients stood and experienced clinical symptoms such as syncope or a feeling of faintness. We evaluated morphological changes induced by autonomic dysfunction in the venules of the finger tip by near-infrared spectrophotoscopy in FAP patients. Macroscopic abnormalities of the venules, such as tortuosity, irregular venous caliber and microaneurysm-like change were observed in FAP patients with autonomic dysfunction by the examination. The method demonstrated in this study may serve as a useful tool for screening the autonomic dysfunction and amyloid deposits around the vessels. Table 1 shows the summary of autonomic function tests and treatments in FAP patients. Several treatments were effective to improve quality of life of FAP patients.
Complications of stenting for occlusive disease of aortic arch branches
Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad in Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Disease in the left common carotid artery is most likely to occur at the ostium of the vessel, as it is usually an extension of disease from the aortic arch. In its normal anatomic position, the common carotid can be approached from the groin in a manner similar to the left subclavian artery with angioplasty and stenting delivered via a guiding catheter or a sheath. Access to the origin of the vessel is aided, and the access sheath or guide can be stabilized, by a “buddy-wire” placed in the left external carotid artery. A protection device can be deployed in the left internal carotid artery, and the wire used to deploy the protection device is also the wire over which the intervention is performed. The need for neuroprotection during angioplasty and stenting of lesions of the left common carotid arteries remains controversial. In a study of 147 patients with 153 lesions, neuroprotection was not used for isolated ostial lesions and they reported a 2% ipsilateral stroke rate and 2.6% rate of TIA.18 Indeed, a recent update in the European Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for the management of atherosclerotic disease recommended against the use of protection devices in the endovascular treatment of common carotid lesions19 (Figure 3.4).
Genistein attenuates brain damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia through up-regulation of Nrf2 expression in ovariectomized rats
Published in Neurological Research, 2018
Zhong-Yan Miao, Xu Xia, Lu Che, Yan-Tao Song
The intraluminal filament model of MCAO was used to induce transient focal cerebral ischemia as described previously (n = 30 per group) [13]. In brief, a heat-blunted 3–0 nylon suture was inserted into the right common carotid artery to obstruct the middle cerebral artery. The right external carotid artery and the common carotid artery were both simultaneously ligated. After 1.5 h of transient occlusion, cerebral blood flow was restored by removing the nylon suture for 72 h. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured via transcranial laser Doppler flowmetry (PeriFlux 5000, Perimed AB, Sweden). Rats with >80% flow reduction during the ischemic period and >70% flow recovery within the first 10 min of reperfusion were included in the study. Physiological variables monitored included rectal temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, blood gas, and glucose levels and were monitored as previously described [14]. Data are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The animals in the sham group were subjected to the same operation; however, no suture was inserted into the right common carotid artery to obstruct the middle cerebral artery. And the rats in Con, OVX, and Genistein group were all received obstruction of the middle cerebral artery.
Berberine attenuates septic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signalling in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Huiqi Chen, Qian Liu, Xiangqi Liu, Jinlan Jin
At 6, 24, and 48 h, respectively, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 3% pentobarbital sodium (Sinopec Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China) for anaesthesia and intubated for ventilation assistance. The BL-420F biological signal acquisition and analysis system (Chengdu Taimeng Technology Co., Ltd., China) was prepared by connection to a PT-100 biological blood pressure sensor (Chengdu Taimeng Technology Co., Ltd., China) and a PE50 polyethylene tube. The right common carotid artery was isolated, and the distal end of the common carotid artery was ligated. A polyethylene tube was slowly inserted into the common carotid artery towards the heart to observe the pressure waveform on the monitor. After stabilising the waveform, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development and decay (± dp/dt max) were recorded.
Diet-induced obesity attenuates the hypothermic response to lipopolysaccharide independently of TNF-α production
Published in Temperature, 2020
Evilin N. Komegae, Monique T. Fonseca, Alexandre A. Steiner
One week before an experiment, the rats were chronically instrumented with an arterial (carotid) catheter and an abdominal telemetry temperature transmitter. The surgery was performed under anesthesia with inhaled isoflurane (2.0–2.5%) and antibiotic prophylaxis with enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The rats were maintained on a heated pad during surgery. For the catheterization, the left common carotid artery was accessed via the ventral aspect of the neck, and isolated from the adjacent nerve. Using an occlusive technique, a 3-Fr polyurethane catheter was inserted into the artery at this site, and then advanced until its tip reached the descending thoracic aorta. The catheter was then passed under the skin and exteriorized at the nape, after which it was locked with heparinized glycerol (500 U/ml). The telemetry transmitter (model TA-F40; Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA) was implanted via a midline laparotomy, after which the incision site was sutured in layers. Ketoprofen (5 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered at the end of surgery and on the next day. On the first and fourth days post-surgery, the arterial catheters were flushed with 0.5 ml of saline and re-locked with heparinized glycerol 17.
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