Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Conjugated proteins or Heteroproteins consist of a simple protein combined with a nonprotein component. The nonprotein component is called a prosthetic group (36, 47). A protein without its prosthetic group is called an apoprotein. A protein molecule combined with its prosthetic group forms a heteroprotein. Prosthetic groups play an important role in the function of proteins. Conjugated proteins are classified according to the nature of their prosthetic groups. They include glycoproteins, lipoproteins, metalloproteins, hemoproteins, phosphoproteins, and so on. Glycoproteins contain a carbohydrate component. Lipoproteins are proteins containing lipid molecules such as cholesterol which are divided into High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) or ‘good’ cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘bad’ cholesterol. Metalloproteins contain metal ions (iron, calcium, copper, zinc, and molybdenum). Phosphoproteins contain phosphate groups, while hemoproteins or chromoproteins possess heme groups such as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the metalloprotein containing iron for the transport of oxygen in the red blood cells of all mammals (36, 47).
Critical Nutrients in Foods of Mediterranean Nations
John J.B. Anderson, Marilyn C. Sparling in The Mediterranean Way of Eating, 2014
Lipoproteins enable the fat-soluble molecules to be carried about the body in blood because of their protein and phospholipid content. Lipoproteins are simply loose aggregates that contain some fat (as triglycerides) and cholesterol, along with phospholipids that circulate to tissues, such as muscle and adipose, to supply the fat-soluble molecules. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are produced by the liver for distribution to the rest of the body via blood. Much of the cholesterol remains in circulating LDL particles, which eventually are removed from blood by the liver. In addition, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles transport cholesterol in reverse from tissues to the liver for much more rapid disposal. The combination of a higher serum HDL level and a lower serum LDL level is, therefore, beneficial to arterial health and helps delay or even reduce plaque development.
Cardio-oncology case studies
Susan F. Dent in Practical Cardio-Oncology, 2019
The patient was seen in a cardio-oncology clinic for further evaluation of his chest pain. His history and physical examination were unremarkable, and his only cardiac risk factors included his exposure to anterior chest radiation. Lab results indicated a total cholesterol of 252 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein of 57 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein of 121 mg/dL, and triglycerides of 79 mg/dL. The patient's atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk was 13%, and a moderate to high intensity statin was recommended. The patient refused a statin. Owing to the poor negative and positive predictive value of most community stress test nuclear scans, other than positron emission tomography—computed tomography (PET-CT), a CCTA was performed, and the images were processed with the Vital Images Vitrea Sure Plaque software for coronary plaque analysis. The Vitrea Sure Plaque software characterizes visualized plaque on coronary CTA and helps define the density of the composition in Hounsfield units. It quantifies plaque burden and coronary remodeling noninvasively. It characterizes a lesion in the vessel wall as either calcified or noncalcified and helps delineate a lipid core vs. a fibrous core (Figure 10.5).
Predictors of Sarcopenia in an Obese Asian Population
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Min Je Sung, Jun Yong Park, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim
The baseline characteristics of the study population are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the study population was 54.8 years, while their mean BMI was 27.3 kg/m2. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes were 47.9% and 32.6%, respectively, while their mean fasting glucose level was 107.1 mg/dL. The mean platelet count, AST level, and ALT level were 238 × 109/L, 24.2 IU/L, and 27.9 IU/L, respectively. Moreover, the mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were 185 mg/dL, 137 mg/dL, 46 mg/dL, and 112 mg/dL, respectively. The mean PNI was 52.6. The mean L3 skeletal muscle area was 156 cm2, while the mean LSMI was 55 cm2/m2. The mean FIB-4 index and HSI were 1.20 and 36.48, respectively, and the mean ASCVD risk score was 12.33%.
Sub-acute oral toxicity study of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on lipid profile, the tissue, and serum of the liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Felix Atawal Andong, Ebele Augustina Orji, Ngozi Evelyn Ezenwaji, Augustine Okorie Nkemakolam, Temitope Dadewura Melefa, Antoinette Onyebuchi Chukwurah, Oguche Moses Ojonugwa, Faith Funmilayo Hinmikaiye, Arinze Ikechukwu Onwurah
Smokers have been advised to consume tobacco in the non-combustible or smokeless forms, to avoid diseases such as cancer. Notably, consumption of tobacco has been used in weight control; however, our study has shown that taking tobacco, even in a smokeless form, can result in the impairment of body lipid profile, the serum, and tissues of the liver. For instance, the extract of tobacco leaves dose-dependently decreased the level of high-density lipoprotein of our study. Increased value of high-density lipoprotein in the body helps in cleaning up the other bad cholesterols (such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density, and very low-density lipoprotein) of the blood. When the level of high-density lipoprotein is reduced, the probable chances of not having heart disease, or a heart attack and stroke, may be lowered. While the damage or impairment of the liver may result in higher chances of having a liver disorder. However, further studies can investigate whether mass of fat especially visceral fat and hepatic fat content can influence lipid profile and liver serum.
Abrocitinib for the treatment of atopic dermatitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
Erika L. Crowley, Novin Nezamololama, Kim Papp, Melinda J. Gooderham
In the phase I study, the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of abrocitinib were evaluated in 79 healthy participants [16]. This study comprised two groups; single ascending dose (SAD) in which subjects received placebo, 3, 10, 30, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg abrocitinib once daily (QD), and multiple ascending dose (MAD) where participants received placebo, 30 mg QD, 100 mg QD, 200 mg QD, 400 mg QD, 100 mg twice daily (BID), or 200 mg BID abrocitinib for ten days. Based on the results of this trial, there were no deaths or serious adverse events (SAE) reported. Headaches (16.4%), diarrhea (13.9%), and nausea (13.9%) were the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE). Abnormal laboratory findings were reported in 25 subjects in the SAD phase and 40 subjects in the MAD phase. Elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were noted in some participants. Based on the phase I results, abrocitinib absorption and elimination were rapid. Maximum plasma concentration was reached with median Tmax within one hour in both single and multiple dose administration, while elimination occurred with mean T½ of 2.8–5.2 hours after 10 days of QD or BID in the MAD phase [16].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Phospholipid
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Atherosclerosis
- Lipid
- Lipoprotein
- Fat
- Apolipoprotein Ai
- Cholesterol
- Triglyceride
- Vulnerable Plaque