Fetal Physical Parameters
Sujoy K. Guba in Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
A good blood circulation is important for fetal well being. Fetal heart rate is an indicator of cardiac function and is related to blood circulation. Although widely used in monitoring because of the relative simplicity of the procedure and equipment, it gives far from adequate information when a detailed circulatory assessment is called for. One such situation is the early determination of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). In the early stages of pregnancy the fetal heart is immature and FHR variations in a non stress test is unreliable. In these cases measurement of fetal blood flow can give valuable diagnostic information. Evolution of the field has not been according to the demands based upon physiological needs, but rather as per the capabilities or equipment and techniques emerging. Presently blood flow in the umbilical artery and vein and most of the major fetal blood vessels can be determined. Mainly ultrasonic technology is employed but it is likely that other principles such as nuclear magnetic resonance may also come in use.
Obstetric and Gynaecological Emergencies
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan in Emergency Medicine, 2020
Assess the fetus during the secondary survey after initial resuscitation of the mother. Examine fundal height, uterine tenderness, fetal movement, fetal heart rate and strength of contractions.Use a fetal stethoscope, Doppler ultrasound or cardiotocograph to assess the fetal heart rate. Fetal distress is indicated by: bradycardia <110 beats/min (normal 120–160 beats/min)loss of fetal heart acceleration to fetal movement, or late deceleration after uterine contractions.
Management of the second stage of labour
Leroy C Edozien in The Labour Ward Handbook, 2010
Observations and assessment in second stage: Take BP and pulse hourly.Take temperature 4-hourly (continued from first stage).Document frequency of contractions at least half-hourly.Empty the bladder.Perform a vaginal examination after 60 minutes of pushing or where there is concern (e.g. cord prolapse).Measure fetal heart rate. If using intermittent auscultation, do this every 5 minutes.
Melatonin regulates oxidative stress and apoptosis in fetal hearts of pinealectomised RUPP rats
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2020
Oğuzhan Doğanlar, Zeynep Banu Doğanlar, Mehmet Akif Ovali, Orkut Güçlü, Ufuk Demir, Ayten Doğan, Metehan Uzun
This study was conducted with the approval of the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Laboratory Animal Local Ethics Committee (protocol number 2017/10-02). Thirty adult Wistar rats were obtained for this experiment and the procedures on them were performed in the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Experimental Research Center. In this study, the fetal heart samples were obtained from five different fetuses from each group. The fetuses were harvested from five different pregnant Wistar rats (220–250 g) on the 20th day of gestation from our previous study (17). In that study, the mother rats were divided into six groups: SHAM (SHAM operated, both PINX and RUPP), PINX (pinealectomized), PINX+PE (both PINX and RUPP operated), PINX+PE+M1 (both PINX and RUPP operated with melatonin administrated from the 1st to the 20th day of gestation, i.e., long-term melatonin treatment), PINX+PE+M14 (both PINX and RUPP operated, with melatonin administrated from the 14th to the 20th day of gestation, i.e., short-term melatonin treatment) and PINX+M1 (PINX and SHAM RUPP operated, the melatonin was administrated from the 1st to the 20th day of gestation, i.e., long-term melatonin treatment).
First Trimester Prenatal Diagnosis of a Conotruncal Anomaly Using Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Imaging Confirmed by Conventional Autopsy
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Balaganesh Karmegaraj, Vani Udhayakumar, Gigi Selvan
Due to the advent of high resolution transvaginal transducers, it is possible to screen the fetal heart in early gestation [1]. The presence of an abnormal cardiac axis in early gestation warrants a focused examination of the fetal heart. It is associated with congenital heart diseases (CHD) even with normal nuchal translucency. Cardiac defects diagnosed in early gestation are often complex and have a higher association with chromosomal abnormalities. Early recognition of more complex heart defects allow termination while still in the first trimester of pregnancy [2]. Although non invasive fetal autopsy alternatives had been investigated with favorable results, conventional autopsy remains the gold standard procedure used to confirm the fetal abnormalities which helps in effective counseling of the future pregnancies [3]. Here, we describe a prenatally diagnosed cardiac anomaly at 12 weeks gestation using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) imaging confirmed by conventional autopsy.
A pilot study comparing corifollitropin alfa associated with hp-HMG versus high dose rFSH antagonist protocols for ovarian stimulation in poor responders
Published in Human Fertility, 2020
Stéphanie Mendret-Pellerin, Florence Leperlier, Arnaud Reignier, Tiphaine Lefebvre, Paul Barrière, Thomas Fréour
Oestrogen pre-treatment was used in both regimens. Daily administration of GnRH antagonist (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) from cycle day 6 was used to prevent premature LH surge. Ovulation triggering was performed with the administration of 250 μg of rhCG (Ovitrelle® Merck-Serono) as soon as at least 3 follicles of ≥17 mm diameter were observed by transvaginal ultrasound. Oocyte retrieval was performed 36 hours later. Cycles were cancelled when only 1 or 2 follicles were observed. Rescue intra-uterine insemination (IUI) was proposed if tubal patency and sperm parameters were compatible. Embryo quality was evaluated daily according to The Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment (Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group of Embryology, 2011). Embryo transfer was always performed on day 5 or 6, with one or two blastocysts transferred. Luteal support was given using vaginal progesterone tablets (Utrogestan® Besins International) 200 mg × 2 daily for 2 weeks from the day of oocytes retrieval. A pregnancy test was performed 11 days after the embryo transfer. Clinical pregnancy was defined as the presence of an intrauterine gestational sac with fetal heart activity at 6–8 weeks of gestation, confirmed by ultrasound examination.
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