General Thermography
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead in Human Medical Thermography, 2023
In the periorbital areas, the veins are larger in diameter, have less of a muscular wall, and are almost the same temperature as the arteries, so they show up well on thermograms. The supratrochlear veins (previously the frontal veins) which appear over the medial forehead are often seen in thermograms as well as photographs of normal subjects. As these veins drain the diploic veins that run within the frontal cranial bone, they may become warm with increased neural activity in the frontal lobes.70 Local increased venous pressure from bending forward, neck occlusion, or increased intrathoracic pressure from forced vocalization or the Valsalva maneuver may cause enlargement of the supratrochlear veins, but not the arteries. The supraorbital vein is much smaller than the supratrochlear and tends to run laterally to meet the ipsilateral superficial temporal vein. It is seen only rarely on thermograms. The orbital arteries and veins are discussed further in the Neurology section of Chapter 11.
Cranial burr hole
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
The flat calvarial cranium bone formed by membranous ossification has three layers: the inner table and outer table with a diploic space interposed between the two tables. First, both tables are made up of compact cancellous bone, whereas the diploic space is made up of spongy bone. Second, the diploic space is aerated at places forming air sinuses and at places it is absent like in suture lines. It contains diploic veins, which communicate with the extracalvarial emissary veins. Bleeding from diploic vessels may arise at the time of traversing the skull bone during burr hole surgery. And, opening of diploic veins communicating to the major venous sinuses may lead to air embolism.2
Head
Harold Ellis, Adrian Kendal Dixon, Bari M. Logan, David J. Bowden in Human Sectional Anatomy, 2017
Between the inner and outer tables of the bones of the skull vault lie trabecular bone, termed diploe, which contains red bone marrow. This is highly vascular and a common site for blood-borne metastatic tumour deposits and multiple myeloma. Diploic veins (see (8) on page 20) occupy channels in this trabecular bone. These are absent at birth but begin to appear at about 2 years of age. They are large and thin-walled, being merely endothelium supported by elastic tissue, and they communicate with meningeal veins, dural sinuses and the pericranial veins. Radiographically they may appear as relatively transparent bands 3–4 mm in diameter.
Acute subperiosteal orbital haematoma following general anaesthesia in the setting of recent trauma
Published in Orbit, 2022
Daniel T. Hogarty, Elad Ben Artsi, Brandon Thia, Robin Meusemann, Brent Gaskin
The pathophysiology of SOH involves bleeding within the potential space between the periosteum and orbital bone. This periosteum is normally loosely attached except around the orbital fissures, optic canal, arcus marginalis, suture lines, and foramina.2 A loose attachment has been postulated to be more prominent in younger patients.3,4 The potential space between the periosteum and orbital bone is traversed by a number of small diploic vessels that are part of the valveless orbital venous system that has the potential to transmit transient elevations in central venous pressure or intracranial pressure.2,5 Rupture of these diploic veins is the likely source of bleeding. SOH most commonly occurs in the superior orbit, as this area has the largest section of periosteum without firm adhesions.2
Posttraumatic subgaleal herniation of an intracranial cerebral arterial segment
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Manav Bhalla, John L. Ulmer, Andrew P. Klein, Kieran E. McAvoy, Namrata M. Bhalla
Arteries in the subgaleal space are, however, beyond the current spatial resolution of CTA. Diploic veins are thin-walled venous channels located between the inner and outer tables of the skull, which communicate with dural sinuses and pericranial veins through the meningeal and emissary veins, respectively. Unless developmentally large, diploic veins are often not delineated on CTA or DSA.2 The scalp veins communicate with the diploic veins and superior sagittal sinus through the posterior parietal emissary veins and the transverse sinus through the mastoid veins. There should be no CTA-identifiable venous channel seen in the subgaleal space.
Spontaneous acute epidural hematoma associated with chronic subdural hematoma due to dural metastasis of gastric carcinoma: a case report and literature review
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Chenhui Zhao, Yi Wei, Jie Liu, Shanshui Xu, Xiaochun Jiang, Guangfu Di
Kim Byoung-Gu [35] reported a case of EDH caused by dural metastasis of primary liver cancer. The origin of hemorrhage was due to the erosive mid-skull base and middle meningeal artery. In a case of spontaneous EDH, Kwang Moo Woo [8] reported that the bleeding was derived from tumor invasive skull base diploic vein, but no obvious neoplasm or dural erosion sign was found during that operation. We describe the first report of dural metastases resulting chronic SDH simultaneous with acute huge EDH leading to brain hernia, which is derived from moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in the stomach.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Diploe
- Skull
- Superior Sagittal Sinus
- Vein
- Frontal Bone
- Diploë
- Dural Venous Sinuses
- Supraorbital Vein
- Sphenoparietal Sinus
- Greater Wing of Sphenoid Bone