Physical Activity and Fitness in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Physical fitness, specifically cardiorespiratory fitness, is defined here as the ability to deliver and utilize oxygen during sustained activity and typically quantified as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). When respiratory gases are measured with a metabolic cart during a maximal graded exercise test, VO2max is valid and reliable. However, submaximal tests or those relying on indirect measures such as time to exhaustion are subject to considerable error. Measures of physical activity, on the other hand, usually rely on retrospective self-reported data (i.e., physical activity questionnaires). Non-vocational or leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is most commonly assessed. Vocational physical activity, household chores, and biking or walking to work are also sometimes quantified but less often. The definitions of physical activity vary greatly from study to study, and the components of physical activity or exercise such as intensity, duration, and frequency are often not reported or inadequately assessed.
Exercise, Activity in Cancer and Chronic Disease
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
One of the most common modes of exercise and activity in the chronic disease population is cardiorespiratory, or aerobic, exercise. Aerobic exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance. Systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of exercise or physical activity regimens in patients with cancer and other chronic conditions describe several studies that use aerobic exercise, or combined aerobic-mixed activity interventions,3,4,7,11 (e.g. walking, hydrotherapy, circuit training, self-reported physical activity) including such activities as yoga,12,13 tai chi,14,15 or boxing.16 These studies typically have moderate to vigorous levels of intensity, typically described as a percentage of predicted maximum heart rate or a range in the rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE), though parameters for frequency and/or duration were heterogeneous, ranging in frequency from one to five times per week, from approximately 20 to 60 minutes per session, with durations from a few weeks to over six months. Overall, while there were fewer studies examining lower intensity activities, these exercises and activities still demonstrated improvements in overall functioning over time, particularly if the patient populations were more deconditioned at the start of the exercise regimens or programs.
Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks of the Brain and Eye
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Cardiorespiratory fitness training that involves walking improves balance and walking speed and capacity. Hence, current guidelines endorse cardiorespiratory training within poststroke rehabilitation programs, despite its effect on death and disability (activities of daily living) being uncertain. Treadmill training, with or without bodyweight support using a harness, might improve walking speed and walking endurance in patients who are able to walk after stroke. However, a recent RCT in 200 adults with moderate to severe subacute stroke (days 5−45 after stroke) reported that adding aerobic, bodyweight-supported, treadmill-based fitness training to standard rehabilitation care did not improve maximal walking speed or activities of daily living compared with relaxation.100 The rate of serious adverse events was higher in the aerobic physical fitness training group than relaxation group. Compared with current guideline recommendations, these results do not appear to support the use of aerobic, bodyweight-supported, treadmill-based fitness training in this stroke population.
Cultural validation and language translation of the scientific SCI exercise guidelines for use in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Yukio Mikami, Damayanti Tinduh, KunHo Lee, Chayaporn Chotiyarnwong, Jan W. van der Scheer, Kyung Su Jung, Hiroshi Shinohara, Inggar Narasinta, Seung Hyun Yoon, Napatpaphan Kanjanapanang, Takafumi Sakai, Martha K. Kusumawardhani, Jinho Park, Pannika Prachgosin, Futoshi Obata, Ditaruni Asrina Utami, Phairin Laohasinnarong, Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani, Siraprapa Limprasert, Fumihiro Tajima, Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to the capacity of the respiratory and circulatory systems to transport oxygen from the atmosphere to skeletal muscle mitochondria to perform physical activity.3, 10 In SCI research settings, cardiorespiratory fitness is typically measured as the maximum volume of oxygen consumed from the peak work rate achieved on an arm ergometer.6 Muscular strength refers to the amount of external force that a muscle can exert.3 In SCI research, muscular strength is typically measured as the maximum amount of weight a person can lift with a particular muscle group, or the maximum amount of force that can be exerted by a particular muscle group.6 Cardiometabolic disease refers to a spectrum of health conditions that begin with insulin resistance, progress to metabolic syndrome (characterized by high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and obesity), pre-diabetes, and finally to more severe conditions including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.4 Examples of cardiometabolic health and cardiometabolic disease indicators used in SCI research include fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, waist circumference, serum HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting triglycerides.6
Effects of detraining on cardiorespiratory fitness of individuals with chronic stroke
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2021
Amanda Santos Pereira, Larissa Tavares Aguiar, Ludmylla Ferreira Quintino, Sherindan Ayessa Ferreira de Brito, Raquel Rodrigues Britto, Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais Faria
The outcome measure was cardiorespiratory fitness, characterized by the VO2peak measured by the cardiopulmonary exercise test.23 The cardiopulmonary exercise test is feasible and safe to be performed in individuals after stroke.24 The cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed on an electronic treadmill, using the expired gas analyzer (Medical Graphics® CPX Ultima, Miami, FL, USA), following the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine.23 The cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed with a progressive ramp protocol developed for adults with heart failure,25 since it was not found any protocol for individuals after stroke. The test was performed by a trained team, which included a cardiologist or sports physician for emergency care.23 The VO2peak used in this study was the highest average value of three 10-second blocks of the last 30 seconds.26
Effectiveness of aerobic exercise training program on cardio-respiratory fitness and quality of life in patients recovered from COVID-19
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Ishtiaq Ahmed, Awais Bin Inam, Stefano Belli, Junaid Ahmad, Wajid Khalil, M. Muneeb Jafar
According to Benck et al. [12], cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lungs function. The decline in lungs function due to lungs damage can result in low cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, the primary goal of the rehabilitation program is to restore the cardiorespiratory fitness of COVID-19 Patients. The ability to perform moderate to high-intensity exercise for a prolonged period is linked to Cardiorespiratory fitness. The musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory system’s functional status determines the cardiorespiratory fitness [13]. Therefore, for patients who have suffered from COVID-19 and are now discharged because of satisfactory morbidity indicators, respiratory function is critical in maintaining A.D.L. It is also essential to review the health-related quality of life of individual post-discharge COVID-19. SF-36 is extensively used to determine the physical and psychological well-being [14].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gas Exchange
- Oxygen
- Perfusion
- Vo2 Max
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hypertension
- Circulatory System
- Respiratory System
- Skeletal Muscle
- Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling