Exercise, Nutrition, and Diabetes
Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Elise M. Brett in Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic & Prediabetic Patient, 2006
For the following discussion it is necessary to define some important terms. Physical activity is any contraction by skeletal muscles that results in an energy expenditure that is greater than the resting energy expenditure. Exercise involves planned, structured, and repetitive body movements designed to improve fitness and usually occur as part of leisure activity. Aerobic exercise involves continuous, rhythmic, and repeated movements of the same large muscle groups, such as jogging, cycling, and cross-country skiing. Resistance training, such as isotonic weight training and isometrics, improves strength and muscular fitness. Endurance training involves regular aerobic exercise sessions that are frequent enough to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Eccentric exercise, such as downhill running, downhill skiing, stretching and long jumps, involves lengthening of the muscle fibers as tension develops. Sport is a form of exercise involving a set of rules within a competitive framework and includes soccer, baseball, football, basketball, gymnastics, and track and field.
Lifestyle Medicine Clinical Processes
James M. Rippe in Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Fitness testing options are numerous and need to be adapted to the LM practice setting based on availability of clinical staff members, resources, and timing constraints. Cardiorespiratory fitness testing defines how well the body can perform dynamic activity using large muscles at a moderate-to-high intensity for extended periods of time, which is valuable in evaluating overall fitness and determining functional capacity, as well as any underlying cardiorespiratory abnormalities that are due to cardiovascular disease. Submaximal cardiorespiratory assessments can provide accurate values from which to extrapolate expected maximal efforts and develop a graded LM-based fitness program. VO2max is the measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise, measured as milliliters of oxygen used in one minute per kilogram of body weight. Better cardiorespiratory fitness levels, measured as peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), are associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CHD/CVD.36 Having these measurements available, using either fitness evaluation or validated algorithms, is of value for differentiating LM clinical practice models as it allows for quantification of fitness variables and evaluation of progress over time due to the training program, leading to a reinforcing feedback loop.
Exercise, Activity in Cancer and Chronic Disease
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson in Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
One of the most common modes of exercise and activity in the chronic disease population is cardiorespiratory, or aerobic, exercise. Aerobic exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance. Systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses of exercise or physical activity regimens in patients with cancer and other chronic conditions describe several studies that use aerobic exercise, or combined aerobic-mixed activity interventions,3,4,7,11 (e.g. walking, hydrotherapy, circuit training, self-reported physical activity) including such activities as yoga,12,13 tai chi,14,15 or boxing.16 These studies typically have moderate to vigorous levels of intensity, typically described as a percentage of predicted maximum heart rate or a range in the rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE), though parameters for frequency and/or duration were heterogeneous, ranging in frequency from one to five times per week, from approximately 20 to 60 minutes per session, with durations from a few weeks to over six months. Overall, while there were fewer studies examining lower intensity activities, these exercises and activities still demonstrated improvements in overall functioning over time, particularly if the patient populations were more deconditioned at the start of the exercise regimens or programs.
Cultural validation and language translation of the scientific SCI exercise guidelines for use in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Yukio Mikami, Damayanti Tinduh, KunHo Lee, Chayaporn Chotiyarnwong, Jan W. van der Scheer, Kyung Su Jung, Hiroshi Shinohara, Inggar Narasinta, Seung Hyun Yoon, Napatpaphan Kanjanapanang, Takafumi Sakai, Martha K. Kusumawardhani, Jinho Park, Pannika Prachgosin, Futoshi Obata, Ditaruni Asrina Utami, Phairin Laohasinnarong, Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani, Siraprapa Limprasert, Fumihiro Tajima, Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
Cardiorespiratory fitness refers to the capacity of the respiratory and circulatory systems to transport oxygen from the atmosphere to skeletal muscle mitochondria to perform physical activity.3, 10 In SCI research settings, cardiorespiratory fitness is typically measured as the maximum volume of oxygen consumed from the peak work rate achieved on an arm ergometer.6 Muscular strength refers to the amount of external force that a muscle can exert.3 In SCI research, muscular strength is typically measured as the maximum amount of weight a person can lift with a particular muscle group, or the maximum amount of force that can be exerted by a particular muscle group.6 Cardiometabolic disease refers to a spectrum of health conditions that begin with insulin resistance, progress to metabolic syndrome (characterized by high blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and obesity), pre-diabetes, and finally to more severe conditions including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.4 Examples of cardiometabolic health and cardiometabolic disease indicators used in SCI research include fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, waist circumference, serum HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting triglycerides.6
The immediate and durable effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Jiajin Tong, Xin Qi, Zhonghui He, Senlin Chen, Scott J. Pedersen, P. Dean Cooley, Julie Spencer-Rodgers, Shuchang He, Xiangyi Zhu
Yoga is regarded as a mind-body exercise rooted in India 4000 years ago. The term yoga means “to unite,” referring to the union of the mind, body, and spirit. It has different traditional forms (e.g., Gyan yoga, Raja yoga, and Hatha yoga20) and consists of different technical components (e.g., postures, breathing, and meditation17). Fitness refers to “the ability to perform daily tasks without fatigue” including several components: muscular endurance, muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, coordination, and speed.21 Aerobic fitness exercises have been more studied than muscular fitness related exercises for mental health intervention. Aerobic fitness exercises may include but are not limited to dancing, running, and swimming,14,15 which can improve cardiorespiratory endurance.7 It differs from yoga exercise on speed, distance, and duration. Compared to fitness exercise, yoga exercise is performed at a slower pace, moves in smaller distance, and often lasts for a longer duration.
Effectiveness of aerobic exercise training program on cardio-respiratory fitness and quality of life in patients recovered from COVID-19
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Ishtiaq Ahmed, Awais Bin Inam, Stefano Belli, Junaid Ahmad, Wajid Khalil, M. Muneeb Jafar
According to Benck et al. [12], cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lungs function. The decline in lungs function due to lungs damage can result in low cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, the primary goal of the rehabilitation program is to restore the cardiorespiratory fitness of COVID-19 Patients. The ability to perform moderate to high-intensity exercise for a prolonged period is linked to Cardiorespiratory fitness. The musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory system’s functional status determines the cardiorespiratory fitness [13]. Therefore, for patients who have suffered from COVID-19 and are now discharged because of satisfactory morbidity indicators, respiratory function is critical in maintaining A.D.L. It is also essential to review the health-related quality of life of individual post-discharge COVID-19. SF-36 is extensively used to determine the physical and psychological well-being [14].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Gas Exchange
- Oxygen
- Perfusion
- Vo2 Max
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hypertension
- Circulatory System
- Respiratory System
- Skeletal Muscle
- Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling