What is coronary disease and how is it excluded?
Elizabeth Marks, Myra Hunter, John Chambers in CBT for Managing Non-cardiac Chest Pain, 2017
To clarify the difference between pain of a cardiac origin and non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), this chapter gives an overview of coronary disease and how it can be excluded. There is an underlying abnormality of the endothelium, the inner lining of blood vessels, leading to the development of atheroma in medium and large arteries, including those around the heart. Atheroma initially causes no significant encroachment on the inside space of a coronary artery, but starts to reduce blood flow on exercise when it reduces the inner diameter by about 70" or more. There are two main coronary arteries, the right coronary artery and the left main stem. The traditional gold standard is coronary angiography which produces an X-ray image of the interior of the artery with atheroma shown as indentations. Functional tests are useful since they detect the presence of abnormalities of flow leading to ischaemia, which is the underlying mechanism of angina.
Rheology of Diabetes Mellitus
Gordon D. O. Lowe in Clinical Blood Rheology, 2019
Few medical conditions have captured the imagination of the rheologist as vividly as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is widely regarded as a disorder which is associated with a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin. The Wells-Brookfield viscometer has been most commonly used to investigate whole blood viscosity in diabetes. In the face of varying technology, it is difficult to pool all the published data on erythrocyte rheology in diabetes mellitus and come out with a bold simple message. Abnormalities in red cell aggregation in diabetes have been reported by a number of groups. Atheroma is said to be more common in diabetes, but there is no accurate documentation of any increase in its incidence in large renal vessels. Circulatory insufficiency of the leg is a common finding in diabetics, indeed a patient with diabetes is 40 times more likely to suffer from gangrene of the lower extremity than his or her nondiabetic counterpart.
Functional Foods Continued
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
The investigators concluded that in addition to exerting lipid-lowering effects, mulberry leaf extract and mulberry leaf polyphenol extract can effectively inhibit proliferation and migration of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, improve vascular endothelial function, and reduce atheroma burden, thereby preventing atherosclerosis. Blood vessel function is jeopardized when the endothelium can no longer synthesize nitric oxide (NO) and, at the same time, cannot relax in response to NO. These two developments are typically the result of atherosclerosis damaging the endothelium, and that damage manifests itself as cardiovascular and heart disease, and also of course as male erectile dysfunction. The journal European Food Research and Technology reported on the total phenolic content, phenolic acids, radical scavenging activity, and antiproliferative properties of different parts of mulberry. A study in the journal Food Chemistry reports the flavonoid contents of 19 varieties of mulberry, determined by standard laboratory procedures.
Identified key genes related to carotid atheroma plaque from gene expression chip
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2017
Jian Dong, Chao Song, Lei Zhang, Xiang Feng, Rui Feng, Qingsheng Lu, Zhiqing Zhao, Junmin Bao, Jian Zhou, Zaiping Jing
As one of the leading reason in morbidity and death in the world, atherosclerosis is usually associated with vessel stenosis, ulceration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the formation mechanism of atheroma plaque is unknown. In this research, we have used bioinformatics tools to identify 118 differential expression genes from a GEO dataset. Besides, we also revealed KYNU as a crucial gene in atheroma plaque development.
Recent progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease using olmesartan
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2014
Shin-ichiro Miura, Keijiro Saku
Angiotensin II (Ang II) evokes inflammatory responses and plays a central role in atherosclerosis mediated by Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor. AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) prevent the diverse effects of Ang II. Unique molecule-specific, or off-target effects of ARBs are due to their slightly different structures, although all ARBs have common, or class, effects. In nonsignificant coronary stenotic lesions, it is important that we use aggressive medical treatments using ARBs in addition to statins and oral hypoglycemic agents, to induce the regression and stabilization of coronary plaque. This review focuses on current evidence regarding the molecule-specific effects of ARB olmesartan to prevent the increase in coronary atheroma volume.
Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke: translation of knowledge to prevention strategies
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2014
Adrià Arboix, Lorena Blanco-Rojas, Josep Lluís Martí-Vilalta
Symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke (25% of all brain infarctions) results from occlusion of a single penetrating artery by microatheromas or lipohyalinosis and rarely from an intracranial atheromatous branch disease. Recurrent lacunar stroke may be associated with more severe clinical features and has been involved in producing lacunar state and vascular subcortical dementia. In the first multicenter randomized clinical trial (SPS3) focused on stroke prevention among patients with recent lacunar stroke, the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin not only did not reduced significantly the risk of recurrent stroke, but also increased significantly the likelihood of hemorrhage and fatal outcome. If lacunar stroke is primarily non-atherothromboembolic, secondary prevention aimed at preventing atheroma progression may not be very effective. The efficacy of drugs that improve endothelial function in lacunar stroke patients remains to be studied in the future.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Arteries
- Arteriosclerosis
- Connective Tissue
- Pathology
- Atherosclerosis
- Anatomical Pathological Conditions
- Macrophage