Atherosclerosis
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia in Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
Arteriosclerosis is usually associated with arterial hypertension.222,294 The causes of hypertension can be: (1) nonspecific renal failure, (2) renal neoplasm and ischemia, (3) hyperactive tumor of the adrenal cortex or medulla, (4) complicated pregnancy, and (5) obesity. Arteriosclerosis affects the kidney more than any other organ, but the most important complications of hypertension involve the heart. Hypertension promotes the development of coronary atherosclerosis and subsequent myocardial infarction by increased workload to the heart and increased peripheral resistance. In response to this increased output demand the heart undergoes hypertrophy, and it dilates when a critical level is reached. Eventually heart failure ensues, the most common cause of death in hypertensive patients. Reduced heart function decreases the renal blood flow and filtration potentiating the vicious circle. Patients with hypertension can be controlled by means of medication, and most complications of hypertensive cardiovascular disease are thus avoided. However, some of the drugs used can be toxic and cause severe side effects. Antihypertensive agents can be phenyl piperazine derivatives, or (3-adrenoceptor blockers, among others. Cardiotonic agents are commonly used in heart failure to increase the contractile force of the myocardium. It is not unusual to add agents to control the rhythm since electric disturbances are usually present.
Food Interactions, Sirtuins, Genes, Homeostasis, and General Discussion
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Mechanisms for the prevention of arteriosclerosis by antioxidants have been proposed. The mechanism of oxidized LDL cholesterol has been suggested as the atherogenic factor that contributes to heart disease (2). Dietary antioxidants neutralize oxidized LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol), thereby preventing atherosclerosis, a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of fatty material on their inner walls. In addition, phytochemicals have been shown to have roles in the reduction of platelet aggregation, modulation of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, and reduction of blood pressure. Recently, C-reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, has been reported to be a stronger predictor of cardiovascular disease than LDL cholesterol, suggesting that inflammation is a critical factor in cardiovascular disease (2, 7). Inflammation not only promotes initiation and progression of atherosclerosis but also causes acute thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory activity of phytochemicals obtained from the combination of different plant foods may play an important role in the prevention of CVDs (2).
A Psychosocial Approach to Dance-Movement Therapy
Susan L. Sandel, David Read Johnson in Waiting at the Gate: Creativity and Hope in the Nursing Home, 2014
For example, one of the most common conditions of old age, arteriosclerosis, is characterized by accumulation of fatty deposits in the arteries of the heart, brain, extremities, and kidneys. Arteriosclerosis contributes to heart disease, stroke, walking disabilities, and poor organ function and accounts for approximately half of all deaths in the United States. Commonly thought to be an inevitable consequence of old age, arteriosclerosis is actually the result of decreased activity (Keelor, 1976). As one ages and becomes less active, muscle mass is replaced by fat tissue. Conversely, increasing the amount of muscle mass can help to counteract fatty tissue replacement; muscle mass can be increased, regardless of age, through physical activity.
Relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index and the severity of angiographic atherosclerosis in patients with H-type hypertension and coronary artery disease
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Li Dong, Jing Liu, Yan Qin, Wen-Juan Yang, Liang Nie, Hua-Ning Liu, Qing-Hua Hu, Yu Sun, Wen-Yan Cao
According to epidemiological data statistics from China, patients with H-type hypertension account for about 80.3% of the total number of patients with hypertension (15); accordingly, the prevention and treatment of hypertension in China should be focused on. Patients with H-type hypertension have a higher risk of target organ damage, including to the heart, brain and kidney, than patients without H-type hypertension (16). In particular, the disease is closely related to the occurrence of CAD and is considered to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis is a very important predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure, and is an abnormal embodiment of arterial structure and function and an important marker of arterial stiffness (17).
Risk indicators and effects of hypertension on HIV/AIDS disease progression among patients seen at Kenyatta hospital HIV care center
Published in AIDS Care, 2018
Angeline Chepchirchir, Walter Jaoko, Joshua Nyagol
Hypertension is a non- communicable disease of great public importance in the world today, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality(Lopez-Jaramillo et al., 2013). Hypertension is marked by increase in blood pressure with both systolic and diastolic measurements of >120 mmHg and >90 mmHg respectively. This observation is more significant in HIV infected patients (Willig & Overton, 2014). The occurrence of hypertension is attributed to overrepresentation of known risk factors and residual chronic HIV inflammation and metabolic syndrome (Martin-Iguacel, Llibre, & Friis-Moller, 2015; Willig & Overton, 2014). The causal factors include thickening of arteries referred to as arteriosclerosis, that gives rise to increased peripheral resistance to blood flow in the capillaries (Aberg, 2012).
Increased serum concentration of apolipoprotein B is associated with an increased risk of reaching renal replacement therapy in patients with diabetic kidney disease
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Wen-bo Zhao, Lin Zhu, Tohty Rahman
DKD is a chronic microangiopathy of diabetes. The primary causes are renal arteriosclerosis, glomerular sclerosis caused by arteriolonephrosclerosis, and renal microvascular lesions. The impairment of renal function results from the effects of dyslipidemia on vascular mesangial and renal tubular cells [24]. Lipid-lowering therapy can slow the progression of kidney disease and the rate of decline in renal function in diabetes patients. A study by Colhoun et al. [25] found that statin therapy protected renal function in patients with diabetes and proteinuria and slowed the decline of the eGFR. ApoB is composed of two subunits, ApoB 100 and ApoB 48. It transports plasma lipids and is required for the formation of various plasma lipoprotein particles. Increased Apo B is predictive of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [26,27]. ApoB increases in CKD patients are correlated with microalbuminuria and progression to overt nephropathy in type 2 diabetes, and renal deposition of ApoB accelerates the progression of glomerulosclerosis [8,28,29]. A recent review by Tabas et al. [30] reported that a long-term disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism can increase blood ApoB and lipids with subendothelial accumulation of ApoB-containing lipoproteins, activation of cytokines, such as interleukin, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1(IFG-1), inflammatory responses, and necrosis.
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