Microvascular surgery – Principles
John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan in Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
There are three primary recipient veins in the neck. Whilst the internal jugular vein or its immediate branches serve as an excellent outflow, the external jugular and transverse cervical veins are alternatives. The anterior jugular vein should be avoided since its caudal portion is at risk during tracheostomy. The cephalic vein may be used as a source of vein grafts or can be used as a recipient vein if traced distally into the arm and then transposed over the clavicle. Rarely, a Corlett loop can be fashioned from a vein graft to produce a temporary arteriovenous fistula.
The Stomach (ST)
Narda G. Robinson in Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Anterior jugular vein: Arises near the hyoid bone as the superficial submandibular veins join, and drains into either the external jugular vein or subclavian vein. This valveless vein communicates with its contralateral companion and connects by means of a transverse trunk called the venous jugular arch. The trunk receives tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins which also communicate with the internal jugular vein.
Surgical Anatomy of the Neck
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Both the anterior jugular vein and the external jugular vein are part of a variable superficial venous system that drains the face and scalp. They drain into the subclavian vein, where valves exist to prevent backflow; thus the superficial jugular veins have low pressure, unlike the IJV.
Single versus dual venous anastomosis in radial forearm free flaps in head and neck reconstruction
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2023
We also analyzed the relationship between venous compromise and recipient venous systems. The external jugular vein (EJV) system of the head and neck includes the anterior jugular vein and the EJV, while the internal jugular vein (IJV) system includes the tongue vein, the superior thyroid vein, the IJV, the anterior facial vein, the common facial vein and the concomitant venae of facial artery. When applying one vein anastomosis, the IJV system (N = 53) was more commonly used than the EJV system (N = 27). When two veins were used during the operation, attaching both the EJV and IJV systems was the most favored option (N = 161), followed by two IJV system veins (N = 10) and two EJV system veins (N = 2) (Figure 1). Venous compromise occurred the most when using one IJV system vein (N = 4, 7.5%), followed by one EJV system (N = 1, 3.7%), and both the EJV and IJV systems (N = 1, 0.6%). No venous compromise was observed when two IJV or EJV system veins were used. There was not a significant difference in the incidence of venous compromise between recipient venous systems (p=0.051).
Learning curve for radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Gilles Russ, Adrien Ben Hamou, Sylvain Poirée, Cécile Ghander, Fabrice Ménégaux, Laurence Leenhardt, Camille Buffet
All examinations were performed with an Esaote MyLab and a LA533 linear 3-13 MHz probe. All nodules were measured in three dimensions, at least twice and the volume was calculated by the following formula: d1xd2xd3xπ/6. In case of discrepancy between the two measures, the maximum volume was retained and this was applied to all subsequent examinations during follow-up. Nodules were subdivided into small to medium ones (≤30 ml) and large ones (>30 ml). The size cutoff of 30 ml was in accordance with what was suggested by Mauri et al. [21] and already applied by other authors [2]. All nodules were scored according to the EU-TIRADS classification [22]. The position of the vagus nerve, middle cervical sympathetic ganglion (if visible), anterior jugular vein(s) and the relation of the nodule and the theoretical location of the recurrent laryngeal nerve region (so-called ‘danger triangle’) were assessed. Vascularity was categorized by color flow Doppler and microvascular imaging (MicroV, Esaote) as absent, perinodular only, mild intranodular or intense intranodular. Stiffness was assessed with strain elastography as low, focally increased or diffusely increased.
Related Knowledge Centers
- External Jugular Vein
- Hyoid Bone
- Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
- Subclavian Vein
- Vein
- Neck
- Cricothyroid Ligament
- Jugular Venous Arch
- Inferior Thyroid Veins
- Pretracheal Lymph Nodes