The Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement of Body Fat Content
Roy J. Shephard in Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
The prognostic value of the waist circumference–height ratio is surpassed by that of the waist circumference–hip circumference ratio, particularly if the latter is adjusted for BMI [45]. The WHO considers a waist–hip ratio >0.85 in men and 0.90 in women as evidence of obesity [79], while the U.S. National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases has set the male and female obesity thresholds at ratios of 0.80 and 1.00, respectively. In a study of various North American Indian populations, Young [80] noted that the highest waist circumference–hip ratios were seen in Cree-Ojibway samples (0.94–0.99 in men and 0.90–0.93 in women), and Young commented that these two indigenous groups had undergone the greatest acculturation to a sedentary “Western” lifestyle in recent years.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Endometriosis, and Female Infertility
Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak in Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
A prospective 8-week ad libitum low-starch/low-dairy dietary intervention resulted in weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced testosterone in overweight/ obese women with PCOS.22 There was statistically significant improvement in waist circumference, waist to height ratio, fasting insulin, 2-hour insulin, HOMA-IR, total testosterone, free testosterone, and hirsutism scores. In a small randomized controlled trial (RCT), a low glycemic index, nutritionally balanced pulse-based diet containing lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas without a calorie-restricted protocol was studied for 16 weeks.23 All women participated in aerobic exercise (minimum 5 days/week, 45 minutes/day) and received monthly health counseling about PCOS and the benefits of lifestyle modification. Follicle numbers per ovary, ovarian volume, free androgen index, intermenstrual intervals, and BMI all decreased, and insulin sensitivity increased at 16 weeks. These benefits were maintained at 6 months post-intervention despite weight regain, but not at 12 months.
Maternal obesity
Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos in New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
It is widely accepted that being overweight is a major risk factor for a wide range of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type II diabetes, and certain site-specific cancers, including colorectal and breast cancers (35,36). Although BMI has traditionally been the chosen method by which to measure the body, alternative measures such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), which reflect central adiposity, have been suggested to be superior to BMI in predicting CVD risk (37–39). This stems from the observation that ectopic body fat is related to a range of metabolic abnormalities, including decreased glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and adverse lipid profiles that are, in turn, risk factors for type II diabetes and CVD.
Assessment of the relationship between food addiction and nutritional status in schizophrenic patients
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Özge Küçükerdönmez, Murat Urhan, Merve Altın, Özge Hacıraifoğlu, Burak Yıldız
BMI was calculated using the formula, ‘weight (kg)/ body height2 (m).’ The assessment of BMI was conducted using the WHO classification. According to this classification, BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 is regarded as underweight, BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 is regarded as normal, BMI ranging from 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 is regarded as overweight, BMI equal to and higher than 30.0 kg/m2 is regarded as obese.27 The body height of participants was measured by using Seca stadiometer (Seca mod. 240 CE 0123, Germany) with a 0.1 cm margin of error. Participants’ body weight, body-fat mass, fat-free body mass, body water percentage, and body-fat percentage were measured using the Tanita BC-532 bioelectrical impedance device with the participant wearing light clothes and after fasting for eight hours. The waist circumferences of participants were measured finding the midpoint between the last rib and the top of the iliac crest on the bare skin. The hip circumferences of participants were measured over their clothes and 1 cm was deducted from the measurement for the thickness of clothes. The hip circumferences of participants were measured from the top point. The waist-to-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the value of waist circumference by the value of the hip circumference.27 The waist to height ratio was obtained by dividing the value of waist circumference by the value of body height.28
Longitudinal trends in the prevalence of hyperuricaemia and chronic kidney disease in hypertensive and normotensive adults
Published in Blood Pressure, 2020
Alena Krajčoviechová, Peter Wohlfahrt, Jan Bruthans, Pavel Šulc, Věra Lánská, Claudio Borghi, Renata Cífková
Men with the level of SUA ≥ 420 μmol/l, and women with the level of SUA ≥ 360 μmol/l were considered to have hyperuricaemia [1]. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation was used to calculate eGFR. Following the current definition of CKD, we included individuals with an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or single-time urine ACR ≥ 3 mg/mmol [2]. Early CKD stages G1 A2–3 and G2 A2–3 were classified by the presence of ACR ≥ 3 mg/mmol (A2) and ≥ 30 mg/mmol (A3) and either eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G1 A2–3) or eGFR 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G2 A2–3). Stages G3–G5 were only classified according to eGFR values: 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G3), 15–29 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G4) and < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G5), regardless of the presence of other markers of kidney damage. Waist-to-height ratio > 0.5 was used as a measure of abdominal obesity. Arterial hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or current drug treatment for hypertension. Individuals with fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol or current treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic medication were considered to have DM.
Different Methods to Assess the Nutritional Status of Alzheimer Patients
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Magdalena Martínez-Tomé, M Antonia Murcia, Claudia Rosario, Miguel Mariscal-Arcas, Antonia M Jiménez-Monreal
On the other hand, Fritz and Loprinzi (17) observed that an increase in the fitness fatness index (calculated as cardio respiratory fitness divided by waist-to-height ratio) was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer-related death. Our results pointed to an adequate waist-to-height ratio in men and women, but a high BMI. Numerous interpretations for the association between BMI and AD-neurodegenerative processes leading to brain atrophy have been proposed. Excess adipose tissue is thought to play a role, perhaps via adipocyte-produced hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are known to cross the blood-brain barrier (18). It is possible that BMI directly contributes to the development of one of the two proteinopathies associated with AD pathology (19). Furthermore, adipokines have been suggested as having a strong influence and important functions in the brain, especially as regards synaptic plasticity, amyloid-protection and neuroprotection (20).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Body Mass Index
- Iliac Crest
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hypertension
- Adipose Tissue
- Abdominal Obesity
- CT Scan
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry