Trunk
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno in Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Some basic concepts of the development of trunk musculoskeletal tissues have already been covered in Section 2.1 and Boxes 4.1 and 4.2. The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column (Plate 6.2). The vertebral column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 3–5 coccygeal vertebrae. This column of bones forms the axis of the body and protects the spinal cord. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are easily distinguished from one another by several criteria. Generally, vertebrae from more superior regions of the vertebral column have more oval-shaped vertebral bodies and relatively larger vertebral foramina. Each vertebral foramen, through which the spinal cord runs, is bounded on the ventral (anterior) side by the vertebral body and on the dorsal (posterior) side by vertebral arch, formed by the pedicles and lamina. The shapes of the vertebral arches change over a cranio-caudal gradient that reflects their function: The main function of the upper vertebral column is to allow flexibility and movement of the neck and head, while the main function of the lower vertebral column, particularly the sacral region, is to provide support to the upper body and pelvic girdle. In fact, as will be explained below, cervical vertebra 1 (atlas) has no body at all but instead encircles the dens of cervical vertebra 2 (axis), allowing the head to rotate through a large range of motion (Plate 3.31b,c).
Bones and joints
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings in McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
Each vertebra typically consists of a body anteriorly, with a vertebral (neural) arch posterior to the body. The space between the body and arch is the vertebral foramen; in the articulated vertebral column the foramina collectively form the vertebral or spinal canal (Fig. 3.16B), within which lies the thecal sac, which contains the spinal cord and the surrounding membranes (p. 55). The arch is made up of a pedicle (attached to the body) on each side and a lamina posteriorly; two laminae unite in the midline to form the spinous process. Where the pedicle and lamina join, a transverse process projects laterally, and there are also superior and inferior articular processes projecting upwards and downwards, respectively (Fig. 2.4). When articulated, the gap between the pedicles of
Interpreting Radiology
R. Annie Gough in Injury Illustrated, 2020
The most common radiology-based personal injury case is the rear-end collision resulting in neck pain and cervical injury. An Anterior Cervical Discectomy (ACD) is the typical repair procedure. A client gets hit from behind by a speeding, sleeping, distracted, or drunk driver. They suffer acute neck pain. Whiplash is a combination of muscle strain in the anterior and posterior cervical muscles and sprain to the facet joints between the bones. The vertebral discs between the spinal vertebra bones can also be injured, displaced, and/or herniated. When a disc is herniated, it has been torn and disc material is likely to protrude and touch the spinal nerve roots or the spinal cord. When cervical disc material is displaced and touching or compressing nerve fibers, pain radiates locally or down the arms, sometimes into the shoulders or hands and fingers. These injuries are complicated when a client is hit from the side, or from the front while their head was turned, or countless other scenarios. Regardless, this acute pain can become chronic. The common surgical repair when conservative treatment and physical therapy offer no relief is the ACD. I cannot estimate how many cases of clients surgically treated with ACDs come across the desks of attorneys on this continent. There are a lot of them. I have seen so many. Regardless I always strive to create the best ACD exhibits for the client, based on their specific anatomy and injury.
Estimating motion between avian vertebrae by contact modeling of joint surfaces
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Matthieu Furet, Anick Abourachid, Christine Böhmer, Valentine Chummun, Christine Chevallereau, Raphaël Cornette, Xavier De La Bernardie, Philippe Wenger
In general, a vertebra is composed of two structural elements: the ventral centrum (vertebral body) and the dorsal neural arch. Together they form a cavity for the spinal cord passage. The neural arch bears cranial and caudal articular processes - the zygapophyses. Two vertebrae articulate via their centra and zygapophyses, in combination with constraints imposed by soft tissue. Those contact areas define and limit the motion between vertebrae and have different shapes for each vertebra. The two criteria that we use in the present study to limit the intervertebral motion are bone collision and osteological disarticulation (Arnold et al. 2014; Nyakatura et al. 2015; Krings et al. 2017). It is likely that the limits found by our algorithm are not penalizing for the real movements which will be in practice more reduced.
Effects of backrest and seat-pan inclination of tractor seat on biomechanical characteristics of lumbar, abdomen, leg and spine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qichao Wang, Yihuan Huo, Zheng Xu, Wenjie Zhang, Yujun Shang, Hongmei Xu
The spine plays various roles in supporting the trunk, protecting the internal organs, controlling human movement and protecting the spinal cord. The adult spine consists of 26 vertebrae, including seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5), one sacral vertebra and one caudal vertebra from the top to the bottom. The load of spine in different parts is the sum of the weight of the above limbs, muscle tension and external load. Therefore, the spine gradually widens from the top to the bottom, which is in line with the gradual increase in spinal load. The thoracic vertebra is the most important part of human spine, playing important roles in maintaining the stability and driving the movement of human upper limbs. The lumbar spine is located at the bottom of the spine, acting as a junction of the movable segment and the fixed segment. It bears a large load and is the most frequent site for the occurrence of lumbar occupational diseases. Based on these facts, this study selected some thoracic segments and the whole lumbar segment as the objects for analysis.
Spinal biomechanics modeling and finite element analysis of surgical instrument interaction
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2019
Weixing Guan, Yu Sun, Xiaozhi Qi, Ying Hu, Chunguang Duan, Huiren Tao, Xiaojun Yang
The lumbar vertebrae are mainly composed of vertebral body and intervertebral discs. And as shown in Figure 1, vertebral body mainly includes transverse processes, spinous processes, upper/lower articular process, vertebral foramen, lamina and papillae. The intervertebral disc is composed of the upper and lower endplates, the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus [1]. The upper and lower endplates are located at the bottom and top of the annulus fibrosus and they are the cartilage structure, which can be considered as elastic body. The nucleus pulposus is located in the middle of the annulus fibrosus, which is the incompressible fluid structure and belongs to the viscoelastic body and can withstand greater pressure. The annulus fibrosus which belongs to the super elastic body, surrounds the nucleus pulposus and connects the adjacent vertebrae through the upper and lower endplates [2,3]. The vertebral body consists of cortical bone and cancellous bone and the material parameters of the two parts are different [4].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Spinal Nerve
- Vertebral Column
- Joint
- Intervertebral Disc
- Irregular Bone
- Process
- Ligamenta Flava
- Intervertebral Foramen