Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Investigation on Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth.) Sant. & Wagh.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Medicinal Plants, 2018
The transverse section of the leaf showed the upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll tissue and prominent vascular bundle (Figure 14.1a and b). The upper epidermis is formed by the arrangement of rectangular cells and is covered by a thick cuticle. Below the epidermis, a compactly-arranged layer of palisade parenchymatous tissue can be seen followed by three to four layers of loosely arranged spongy parenchymatous tissue consisting of sclerenchymatous patches. The vascular bundle consists of xylem tissue towards upper side and phloem tissue extends towards lower side, and is identified as an endarch vascular bundle. The leaf constant of P. hexapetalum is presented in Table 14.1. The upper epidermis of leaf consists 16.06 ± 0.23 stomatal index and 36.33 ± 1.53 stomatal numbers, whereas in the lower side 17.06 ± 0.09 stomatal index and 41.33 ± 1.53 stomatal numbers were observed (Figure 14.1d and 14.1e).
Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology
Massimo Maffei in Vetiveria, 2002
The mesophyll of grasses shows, as a rule, no distinct differentiation into palisade and spongy parenchyma, although sometimes the cell rows beneath both epidermal layers are more regularly arranged than in the rest of the mesophyll. In V. zizanioides, the mesophyll cells surround the vascular bundles in an orderly manner owing to the chlorenchyma being chiefly confined to a comparatively narrow strip subjacent to the abaxial epidermis, with extensions along the sides of the medium-sized and large vascular bundles. The greater part of the lamina is occupied by very large, intercellular cavities extending from the assimilatory tissue to just below the adaxial epidermis. In Figure 2.1d is reported a cross section of V. zizanioides young leaf, excised from the shoot apex, illustrating the development of air-cavities. Most part of the mesophyll is still present. Cross section of Vetiveria old leaf is reported in Figure 2.1e. The picture shows well developed air cavities, lined by large thin-walled cells without chloroplasts. A single-layered epidermis is present on both sides of the blade. The vascular bundles of various sizes are delimited from mesophyll by a single bundle sheath, more evident in the smaller ones.
Pharmacognosy and Pharmacopoeial Standards for Syzygium cumini
K. N. Nair in The Genus Syzygium, 2017
The leaf of S. cumini shows a two- to three-layered epidermis. Just beneath the epidermis is the mesophyll tissue that is composed of isodiametric, thin-walled parenchymatous ground tissues and cells. These cells are filled with simple starch grains. In the midrib region, the vascular bundle shows xylem toward the upper epidermis and phloem on the lower side. Starch grains, oil globules, tannin cells, and stone cells are also visible. The leaf contains the upper and lower epidermis, palisade cells, spongy parenchyma, stomata, xylem, phloem, and trichomes (Figure 7.7).
Localization and characterization of proenkephalin-A as a potential biomarker for kidney disease in murine and human kidneys
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Michaela Alexandra Anna Fuchs, Julia Schrankl, Charlotte Wagner, Christoph Daniel, Armin Kurtz, Katharina Anna-Elisabeth Broeker
In adult mice, the expression pattern of Penk mRNA was comparable to neonatal kidneys, but mRNA signals were detected with lower density than in nine-day-old kidneys (Figure 3A). Penk expressing PDGFR-β+ cells of the inner medulla and the inner stripe of the outer medulla also coexpressed tenascin-C (TNC). TNC+ interstitial cells constitute a subpopulation of PDGFR-β+ interstitial cells (Broeker et al.2020). Penk+ cells could also be detected along vascular bundles in the outer medulla. In the cortex, only few vessel associated pericytes (Figure 3D) showed Penk mRNA signals. The majority of PDGFR-β+ interstitial cells of the cortex did not express Penk mRNA. Throughout the kidney cortex Penk mRNA was also detected in some CD45+ immune cells (Figure 3C). Tubular structures of adult mouse kidneys did not show any signals for Penk. Further colocalization studies showed that basal Penk mRNA expression did not co-localize with markers for endothelial cells like CD31.
Aloe vera gel and whole leaf extract: functional and versatile excipients for drug delivery?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Alex Laux, Chrisna Gouws, Josias H. Hamman
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is a perennial xerophyte plant that has many medicinal applications. A. vera leaves contain water storage tissue, which is fundamentally made up of a viscous mucilage contained in the parenchyma cells. A. vera whole leaf extract refers to the product obtained from grinding the entire leaf (i.e. the rind, vascular bundles, and pulp) and removing the anthraquinones such as aloin by means of charcoal filtration. On the other hand, A. vera gel refers to the clear viscous mucilage contained within the parenchyma cells but is sometimes also interchangeably used to describe the complete intact fleshy inner part of the leaf or pulp. The mucilage gel primarily consists of polysaccharides dissolved in water (water content >98%) but also contains other compounds such as enzymes, minerals, and organic acids [1–3].
Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap Procedure in a Swine Model
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Joanna W. Etra, Samuel A. J. Fidder, Christopher M. Frost, Franka Messner, Yinan Guo, Dalibor Vasilic, Sarah E. Beck, Steven Bonawitz, Gerald Brandacher, Damon S. Cooney
The muscle is bordered by the slightly superficially overlapping trapezius muscle cranial-dorsally, the underlying serratus on the caudal and ventral sides, and the triceps muscle where the tendon dives to insert onto the humerus (Figures 1 and 3, Panel 3). The latissimus muscle fans from its insertion in the posterior axillary fold superficial to a fascial layer. The neurovascular bundle – containing the thoracodorsal artery, vein, and nerve – is found on the deep surface of the muscle superficial to the fascia (Figure 4). The pedicle runs deep to the teres major and enters the latissimus muscle distal to its tendon origin [17,18]. The thoracodorsal nerve – which supplies the motor innervation for the latissimus muscle – runs parallel to the vascular bundle inserting slightly more cranially. The nerve is easily identified and accessed for a neurotized flap model.