Eye Tumors
Dongyou Liu in Tumors and Cancers, 2017
The eyeball (globe) is mostly filled with a jelly-like material called vitreous humor, and comprises three main layers: the sclera, the uvea, and the retina. The sclera is the tough, white, outer wall of the eyeball. In the front of the eye it is continuous with the cornea, which is clear to let light through. The uvea is the middle layer of the eyeball that nourishes the eye. It is where most melanomas of the eye develop. The uvea has three main parts: the iris, the choroid, and the ciliary body. The iris is the colored part of the eye (blue or brown) surrounding the pupil. The choroid is a thin, pigmented layer (consisting of connective tissue and melanocytes) underneath the retina. The ciliary body contains the muscular tissue that produces aqueous humor—a clear fluid—in the front of the eye between the cornea and the lens and also helps the eye focus. The retina is a thin-layered structure that lines the eyeball. It contains specialized nerve cells that are sensitive to light as well as blood vessels.
Special Senses
Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard in Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Intraocular inflammation often involves the uvea and needs to be prevented or minimized quickly in order to prevent permanent damage to the specialized structures of the eye. Ocular immunity plays an important role in this process and has been reviewed by Biros (2007). Features include a blood–eye barrier, absence of lymphatics, and maintenance of a unique immunoprivileged site as a result of anterior chamber–associated immune deviation. This involves an inability to initiate a delayed-type immune response to an intraocular antigen. Potentially toxic compounds are prevented from reaching the interior of the globe by the blood–eye barrier consisting of a vascular portion (vessels of the iris and sensory retina) and an epithelial portion (ciliary epithelium and the RPE). Vessels are lined by endothelial cells with tight junctions and a complete basement membrane. In the retina, Müller cells also contribute to the barrier (Rapoport 1997).
Ocular Rosacea (Subtype 4)
Frank C. Powell, Jonathan Wilkin in Rosacea: Diagnosis and Management, 2008
The structure of the normal eyelid is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of cutaneous, muscular, tarsal, and conjunctival layers. The tarsal layer is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue that contains the modified sebaceous (meibomian) glands. These glands are commonly dysfunctional in patients with rosacea. The ocular disorders seen in patients with rosacea may affect any of the following sections of the eye or related structures: The margins of the eyelids (blepharitis/conical dandruff/telangiectasias of lid margins).The conjunctiva (conjunctivitis/conjunctival injection/conjunctival overgrowth).The glands of Zeiss (hordeolum externum).The meibomian glands (reduced tear breakup time/thickened secretions/plugged “capped” orifices/chalazion/hordeolum internum/).The lacrimal glands (reduced aqueous tear secretion).The cornea (punctuate epithelial erosions/keratitis/perforation). Sclera (scleritis/episcleritis) the uvea (uveitis).Iris (iritis).
Prevalence and Incidence of Uveitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2021
Ángel García-Aparicio, M. Jesús García de Yébenes, Teresa Otón, Santiago Muñoz-Fernández
Uveitis encompasses a group of diseases characterized by the inflammation of the uvea – namely, iris, ciliary body, and choroid – all of which are potentially vision-threatening. Despite the significant public health impact of uveitis, little is known about its epidemiology due, among other reasons, to the difficulties for a correct classification because of their multiple characteristics and signs that are sometimes difficult to identify. Epidemiologic studies about the distribution of the various types of uveitis and their etiology are important in helping the clinician to investigate, diagnose, and manage these pathologies, and are critical for justifying services provision. Despite a wealth of descriptive studies in uveitis, few of them have actually estimated its frequency in the general population and, in general, they are of low quality. The consequence is that prevalence estimates of uveitis fluctuate as much as 38 to 714 cases per 100,000.1–5
Oral corticosteroid exposure and increased risk of related complications in patients with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis: Real-world data analysis
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2019
Viktor V Chirikov, Ruchit Shah, Youngmin Kwon, Dipen Patel
Uveitis is a group of diseases that causes inflammation in uvea that could lead to serious ocular complications.1 The inflammation can spread to other parts of the eye, including the lens, retina, optic nerve, and vitreous, which left untreated, might result in impaired vision and blindness.2 While some types of noninfectious uveitis can be treated in short courses of therapy, more severe forms such as intermediate, posterior and panuveitis necessitate chronic oral corticosteroid (OCS) therapy and immunosuppression to control ocular inflammation.3–5 The current approach to treatment entails divergent and complex therapeutic approaches but for active disease it generally relies on high-dose OCS as a first-line therapy, followed by a dose tapering schedule aligned with expert panel guidelines,6 once inflammation control is achieved. Dose tapering is recommended as the long-term administration OCS is known to be associated with a wide range of ocular and systemic complications.4,7,8
Clinical Profile of HLA B-27-Associated Uveitis Patients in a Tertiary Care Eye Hospital in Eastern India
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Anindya K. Majumdar, Amitabh Kumar, Rupak Roy, Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
This was a hospital-based retrospective case-series that reviewed the files of all patients with uveitis seen by a single uvea consultant (AKM) in a uvea clinic of a tertiary eye care center in Eastern India between January 2015 and December 2016. All consecutive patients with a diagnosis of HLA B-27-associated uveitis were included in the current study. Data including age, gender, race, age at onset of uveitis, laterality, frequency of attacks, duration of attacks, length of treatment and type of treatment received were entered into a computer database. All patients underwent detailed medical evaluation, including medical history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp microscopy, applanation tonometry, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. For every patient, uveitis was graded according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group criteria.5 Laboratory investigation included a complete blood count, HLA B-27, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody detection, Mantoux test, chest X-ray, and serology for syphilis. All patients were subsequently examined and followed up by a rheumatologist. Ocular hypertension was considered in cases with measurements ≤21 mm Hg and ocular hypotony was defined as IOP less than 6 mm of Hg.