Radiographic Applications in Forensic Dental Identification
Michael J. Thali M.D., Mark D. Viner, B. G. Brogdon in Brogdon's Forensic Radiology, 2010
10.9). Tooth enamel is extremely opaque on radiographs with dentin also being opaque but to a lesser degree. Within the dentin is the pulp chamber filled with nerve connections and vascular components. The pulp chamber and nerve canals are radiolucent. These three entities collectively form the crown. Below the crown is the root structure composed of cementum tissue surrounding the nerve canal, which continues from the pulp chamber to the root apex. The tooth root is surrounded with a tissue that provides cushioning and is known as the periodontal ligament. Finally, there is a solid or corticated wall surrounding the entire complex known as the lamina dura which connects to the cancellous. Each of these tissue components produces different relative radiographic densities, with enamel being the most radiopaque and the pulp chamber and canal being the most radiolucent.
Dentistry in medical history
Marshall Joseph Becker, Jean MacIntosh Turfa in The Etruscans and the History of Dentistry, 2017
Celsus recognized that concussions in the delicate boney areas around the temples and eyes might result from poor levering (using the face as a platform on which to rest the tool or the hand) during the extraction of maxillary dentition. The tooth selected for removal should be scraped free of the surrounding gum down to the boney socket. The tooth is then grasped with an instrument and shaken to loosen it. At that point it is removed, preferably with the fingers to ensure a delicate pressure, but with forceps if necessary. When forceps are used, the tooth should be pulled out straight lest the curved roots, particularly in maxillary molars, break off the thin bone within which the tooth is seated (the alveolar portion of the jaw). Celsus points out that there is special danger if the tooth is short (decayed to the stump) in which case the forceps cannot grip the remaining tooth properly. In attempting to grip such a stump the dentist might, in error, grasp and break the bone off under the gum. This bone fragment, just as any piece of the tooth root that may break off, has to be located, by probing or cutting, and removed.
Oral cavity
Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall in Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
Development of the crown always starts with the laying down of dentin. Dentin is formed from the dental papilla. Odontoblasts form a layer of dentin next to the inner dental epithelium. Dentin production continues towards the inside of the tooth.Enamel is formed from ameloblasts. The cells secrete enamel onto the surface of the dentin initially and then gradually build up the layer of enamel on top of the developing tooth.Cementum is formed by cementoblasts that form from the dental follicle. The cementum is laid down at the tooth root to assist in securing the tooth to the adjacent tissues.The periodontal ligament develops as a connection between cementum and the bone socket into which the tooth sits.
Dental stem cells in tooth regeneration and repair in the future
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Christian Morsczeck, Torsten E. Reichert
In contrast to the human enamel organ, dental mesodermal tooth germ tissues, which can be obtained from impacted third molars, are available. Stem cells could also be isolated from these tissues [7]. One tissue is the dental apical papilla, which is also known as the apical pad-like tissue [72]. This tissue adheres to the apex of the developing immature tooth root of impacted third molars, which are routinely extracted from adolescent patients for orthodontic reasons. The apical papilla contains an abundance of proteoglycans, so it can be histologically separated from the dental pulp [72,73]. Although cells within the extracellular matrix of the apical papilla are sparsely distributed [74], stem cells from this tissue have been isolated in the last decade (stem cells from the apical papilla – SCAPs) [9]. SCAPs are considered not only to be a part of the developing dental pulp–dentin complex, but are also essential for the development of the alveolar bone and the entire tooth root [9,74]. These stem cells are also plastic adherent and clonogenic cells. SCAPs express low levels of odontoblast markers such as dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein and have an excellent odontogenic cell differentiation potential. After transplantation into immunocompromised mice, SCAPs on an HA/TCP carrier differentiate in cells of a typical dental pulp/dentin-like complex [9]. This result shows furthermore that SCAPs are similar to DPSCs progenitors for all tissue cells of the dental pulp/dentin complex, but they are probably more undifferentiated than identical isolated DPSCs [73].
Cell homing strategy as a promising approach to the vitality of pulp-dentin complexes in endodontic therapy: focus on potential biomaterials
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Zahra Safari, Sayed Soroush Sadat Kachouei, Ramin Zabeti Jahromi, Nastaran Atashkar, Amirreza Karbalaeihasanesfahani, Mahdieh Alipour, Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Simin Sharifi, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
In order to recruit endogenous stem/progenitor cells in the cell homing strategy, a proper platform is required. Hydrogels can be an optimal candidate for cell growth and differentiation in tissue regeneration due to their structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix, having three-dimensional structure, ability to contain large quantities of water, and flexible to mimic soft tissues. Several important hydrogel properties, such as pore size, elasticity, and stiffness are controllable that can aid in neurite formation, neural phenotyping, the expansion of focal adhesions and the cytoskeleton. This scaffold will function as the nervous system’s 3D microenvironment, allowing neural tissue to expand and differentiate more effectively [67,152–154]. Hydrogel stiffnesses ranging from 100 to 500 pa will increase neuronal differentiation by triggering mechanical signals. Transmembrane receptors, such as integrins, receive these signals, which initiate certain cellular pathways such as MAPK and Rho [70,155]. It is essential to consider oral conditions, including the bacterial population, when selecting a suitable scaffold. One of the common bacteria in the oral cavity is streptococci, which makes up the majority of the dental plaque flora, which is visible in the oral cavity of all people [156]. The apical root of the tooth is not protected and the immune system cannot protect this part of the tooth well [157,158]. As a result, the tooth root is a good environment for the formation of microenvironments for anaerobic bacteria that get nutrients from the blood vessels and, in turn, penetrate the dentin and infect the tooth [159]. Anaerobic bacteria, especially enterococci, are the most common cause of dental pulp necrosis [160,161].
Parameter identification for the simulation of the periodontal ligament during the initial phase of orthodontic tooth movement
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Albert Heinrich Kaiser, Ludger Keilig, Reinhard Klein, Christoph Bourauel
The periodontium is a compound of several tissues that support the teeth. It includes the gingiva, the cementum, the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone proper. According to Hand and Frank (2015), ‘The periodontal ligament attaches the tooth root to alveolar bone, and it serves to absorb and resist the forces of occlusion on the tooth. It consists of collagenous fiber bundles… Interstitial areas containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves are present between the fiber bundles in the periodontal ligament. These interstitial areas are continuous with openings through the alveolar bone (Volkmann’s canals) to the marrow spaces of the alveolar process.’
Related Knowledge Centers
- Anatomy
- Cell Growth
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Morphology
- Occlusion
- Embryo
- Tooth
- Wisdom Tooth
- Cell