Anatomy
Stanley A. Gelfand in Hearing, 2017
The ear is contained within the temporal bone. Knowledge of the major landmarks of this bone is thus important in understanding the anatomy and spatial orientation of the ear. The right and left temporal bones are two of the 22 bones that make up the skull. Eight of these bones (including the two temporal bones) contribute to the cranium, and the remaining 14 bones form the facial skeleton. Figure 2.4 gives a lateral (side) view of the skull, emphasizing the temporal bone. The temporal bone forms the inferior portion of the side of the skull. It is bordered by the mandible, zygomatic parietal, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The temporal bone itself is divided into five anatomical divisions: the squamous, mastoid, petrous, and tympanic portions, and the anteroinferiorly protruding styloid process. These parts of the temporal bone, as well as its major landmarks, are shown in Figure 2.5.
Head and Neck
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno in Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
On the internal aspect of the skull, the temporal bone includes the squamous part and the petrous part (“stony” or “hard”). This petrous part includes the groove for the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve, the groove for the lesser petrosal nerve, the tegmen tympani (portion of floor of middle cranial fossa), the groove for the sigmoid sinus, the internal acoustic meatus for the passage of the facial nerve (CN VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). Between the temporal bone and the occipital bone lies the jugular foramen for the passage of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), and sigmoid sinus (Plates 3.11 and 3.12).
Head and neck
David A Lisle in Imaging for Students, 2012
The temporal bone is an extremely complex structure that contains the external auditory canal, middle and inner ear structures, and transmits the seventh cranial (facial) nerve (CN7). Middle ear structures include the tympanic membrane, aerated bony chambers, and three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) responsible for transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear. Inner ear structures include the cochlea (responsible for hearing), vestibule and semicircular canals (responsible for balance), facial nerve canal and internal auditory canal (IAC). IAC transmits the facial nerve and the vestibular and cochlear components of the eighth cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN8). CN7 and CN8 exit the brainstem and pass laterally across a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space known as the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) to enter the IAC.
Development of a navigable 3D virtual model of temporal bone anatomy
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2023
Kunal Sareen
One of the most difficult and key anatomical areas to understand in human anatomy is the temporal bone. Both undergraduate and postgraduate students are expected to know this anatomy very well to better comprehend the myriad of otological and skull base diseases. The temporal bone is a complex bone and anatomically unique in multiple ways. Traditionally, temporal bones obtained from human cadavers have served as effective teaching tools for mastering ear anatomy and surgical skills and continue to be an ideal approach to date. However, temporal bone laboratories have high maintenance costs and cadaveric specimens are difficult to procure (Naik et al. 2014). In the last few years, the search for artificial temporal models has led to the emergence of other modalities of training. Virtual reality and simulation are safer and feasible alternatives, hence are being slowly incorporated as teaching tools for developing familiarity with surgical anatomy. They do however, carry a significant technology cost and may not be a feasible solution.
Change in gene expression levels of GABA, glutamate and neurosteroid pathways due to acoustic trauma in the cochlea
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Meltem Cerrah Gunes, Murat Salih Gunes, Alperen Vural, Fatma Aybuga, Arslan Bayram, Keziban Korkmaz Bayram, Mehmet Ilhan Sahin, Muhammet Ensar Dogan, Sevda Yesim Ozdemir, Yusuf Ozkul
Control mice were sacrificed after the initial DPOAE measurements without being exposed to noise. Post-AT(1) mice and Post-AT(15) mice were sacrificed on day 1 and day 15 after the noise exposure, respectively. Under identical deep general anaesthesia, the mouse was decapitated with scissors. The skin of the head was dissected from posterior to anterior as far as the orbits. The dorsal skull was split from the foramen magnum to the orbits and cut laterally, posterior to the orbits, on both sides. The bony flaps were bent outward and the brain was removed afterwards. The bony labyrinths were recognized anterior to the foramen magnum in the base of the skull. The fibrous connections between the temporal bones and the rest of the skull were dissected and the temporal bones were separated from the skull on both sides. Next, the bulla was opened, and the cochlea was located under the microscope. Then, the malleus, incus and stapes were removed. While fixing the temporal bone with forceps, the bony wall of the cochlea was cracked with other forceps by holding between the oval and round windows and taken off piece by piece carefully. After peeling the bone all around the cochlea, membranous structures were removed completely and put in the Eppendorf Tube with 1 ml Trizol solution and mixed at room temperature until dissolving the content. Then they stored at −80 °C.
Transcanal endoscopic ear surgery for traumatic ossicular injury
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Min-Su Kim, Jaein Chung, Jae-Yoon Kang, Jin Woong Choi
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient population are summarized in Table 1. The study population was composed of eleven males and four females with a mean age of 38.3 years (range: 26–74). The average interval between trauma onset and surgery was 22.9 months (range: 0.1–243.6). The most common etiology of trauma was fall from a height, followed by traffic accidents and penetrating ear trauma by ear foreign bodies such as ear-pick and ear mold for hearing aid. Eleven of the 15 patients had accompanying temporal bone fracture. Fracture of the external auditory canal wall accompanied with incus dislocation was found in three patients (Figure 1). One patient (patient 4) presented with facial nerve palsy due to compression of the tympanic segment of the facial nerve by the dislocated incus. The average preoperative ABG was 33.0 dB (range: 22.5–55.5). The average time of follow-up was at 18.4 months (range: 3.0–68.3) (Table 1).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cerebral Cortex
- Petrous Part of The Temporal Bone
- Skull
- Temporal Lobe
- Brain
- Cranial Nerves
- Temple
- Ear
- Squamous Part of Temporal Bone
- Mastoid Part of The Temporal Bone
- Petrous Part of The Temporal Bone