Limbic System I: Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological Considerations
Allan Siegel in Neurobiology of Aggression and Rage, 2004
In this chapter, results are summarized of studies attempting to identify the relationships of a group of forebrain regions in aggression and rage referred to as “limbic” structures. The word “limbic” means “border” in Latin, and thus, the structures comprising the limbic system are generally interposed between the overlying cerebral cortex and underlying diencephalon. These structures include phylogenetically older regions of the telencephalon and include the hippocampal formation, septal area, and amygdala. In considering the limbic system, it is also useful to include the prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus as components of this system because of their effects on visceral processes that parallel those of other limbic structures.
Is There a Link between Visceral and Neurobehavioral Asymmetries in Development and Evolution?
Yegor B. Malashichev in Behavioural and Morphological Asymmetries in Vertebrates, 2006
Behavioral laterality on the basis of physiological neural asymmetries does not seem to develop under the control o f the same developmental mechanisms as asymmetries of the visceral organs. Earlier, we have found little evidence linking these two groups of asymmetries, which implies different developmental regulatory pathways and independent evo lutionary histories for visceral and telencephalic lateralizations.1 In this Chapter further argu ments are considered supporting independent developmental and evolutionary pathways for visceral and neurobehavioral asymmetries in vertebrates. Although the question remains con tradictory in view of some new evidence, this review implies, in particular, that the search for developmental mechanisms and genes controlling the establishment of brain lateralization (e.g., differential functioning of telencephalic hemispheres) can be based on approaches, which dif fer from attention only to human subjects and/or pathways leading to asymmetric morpholo gies in the diencephalon and major viscera. Recent advances in the studies o f asymmetries in invertebrates reveal deep roots for both neurobehavioral and visceral asymmetries dating the history of directional asymmetries back to the earliest bilateral organisms. This makes the un derstanding of developmental interactions between different asymmetry types complicated, but on the other hand, also makes possible diversification o f the experimental subjects and experimental approaches.
Parvalbumins in Neuronal Development, Differentiation, and Proliferation
G. V. Sherbet in Calcium Signalling in Cancer, 2001
The neuroepithelial ventricular zone of telencephalic ventricles gives rise to the majority of neurones and the glial component, which form the mammalian cerebral cortex. It has become increasingly obvious over the past few years that the various neuronal CBPs, such as calretinin, calbindin, neurocalcin, and parvalbumins, may each uniquely identify neuronal subpopulations across the cortical regions. Subpopulations with different CBPs may indeed represent metabolically distinctive cellular subtypes, and the presence of specific proteins may hold functional implications for the particular subtypes. These proteins may be playing different calcium-signalling roles in different cell types under different biological parameters.
Rhodanese in Mouse Brain: Regional Differences and Their Metabolic Implications
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2006
M. Wróbel, J. Czubak, Z. Srebro, H. Jurkowska
Our results concern the regional localization of rhodanese in the mouse brain. A histoenzymatic examination was undertaken in telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The sites of rhodanese activity are revealed as punctuate, granular, dark dots, small in some regions such as hippocampus or bigger in others, and as long, thread-like particles especially, abundant in the region of the telencephalon in the astroglia cells and in the region of the mesencephalon in the hippocampus. There were sites with a high density of the histochemical test products, for example, the ependymoma of the forth cerebral ventricle, choroid plexus, and nerve ducts. These findings support the detoxifying role of rhodanese in brain regions.
Melatonin Binding Sites in Senegal Sole: Day/Night Changes in Density and Location in Different Regions of the Brain
Published in Chronobiology International, 2008
Catarina Oliveira, José Fernando López‐Olmeda, María Jesus Delgado, Angel Luis Alonso‐Gómez, Francisco Javier Sánchez‐Vázquez
We localized melatonin binding sites in different brain regions (optic tectum, telencephalon, cerebellum, hypothalamus, olfactory bulbs, and medulla oblongata) of Senegal sole, a species of aquaculture interest, and checked day/night changes in density (Bmax) at mid‐light (ZT06) and mid‐dark (ZT18). Plasma melatonin was measured using a radioimmunoassay, while binding assays were performed using 2‐[125I]iodomelatonin as a radioligand. Plasma melatonin concentrations were significantly lower at mid‐light (189.5±46 pg/ml) than mid‐dark (455.5±163 pg/ml). Values of Bmax were statistically significantly higher in the optic tectum (5.6±0.6 and 12.3±1 fmol/mg prot, at mid‐light and mid‐dark, respectively) and in the cerebellum (7.7±1.1 and 10.6±1.3 fmol/mg prot, at mid‐light and mid‐dark, respectively). Significant day/night differences were only observed in these two tissues. These results show for the first time the distribution of melatonin binding sites within the brain of a flatfish species and their lack of down‐regulation.
Variation of radiation-sensitivity of neural stem and progenitor cell populations within the developing mouse brain
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2012
Olivier Etienne, Telma Roque, Celine Haton, François D. Boussin
Purpose: We investigated the DNA damage response (DDR) of fetal neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), since exposure to ionizing radiation can severely impair the brain development. Material and methods: We compared apoptosis induction in the dorsal telencephalon and the lateral ganglionic eminences (LGE) of mouse embryos after an in utero irradiation. We used two thymidine analogs, together with the physical position of nuclei within brain structures, to determine the fate of irradiated NSPC. Results: NSPC did not activate an apparent protein 21(p21)- dependent G1/S checkpoint within the LGE as their counterparts within the dorsal telencephalon. However, the levels of radiation-induced apoptosis differed between the two telencephalic regions, due to the high radiation sensitivity of intermediate progenitors of the LGE. Besides radial glia cells, that function as neural stem cells, were more resistant and were reoriented toward self-renewing within hours following irradiation. Conclusions: The lack of the p21-dependent-cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition appears to be a general feature of NSPC in the developing brain. However, we found variation of radiation-response in function of the types of NSPC. Factors involved in DDR and those involved in the regulation of neurogenesis are intricately linked in determining the cell fate after irradiations.