The spastic forearm and hand
Benjamin Joseph, Selvadurai Nayagam, Randall Loder, Ian Torode in Paediatric Orthopaedics, 2016
The upper limb is affected predominantly in children with cerebral palsy who have a hemiplegic pattern of topographical involvement and in children with quadriplegic or total body involvement. The muscles in the forearm that demonstrate most spasticity are the pronators of the forearm and the flexors of the wrist and fingers. The antagonistic muscles are weak and even if no pronation or flexion contracture is present the child may have demonstrable weakness of active forearm supination and wrist extension. Some children have weakness of finger extension and in these children the release is compromised. This inability of release may only be demonstrable when the wrist is passively held in extension. It is extremely important to test for the ability to release in this position if any surgery aimed at augmenting wrist extensor power is being contemplated.
Radiculopathies
E Glucksman in MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
This chapter provides that the themed presentation encourages quick, focused study and detailed answers aid comprehension and encourages familiarity with radiculopathies with essential diagrams, colour images and sample MRIs. adial nerve injury would commonly consist of wrist drop and numbness of the dorsal surface of the hand, mainly of the anatomical snuffbox. The C6 nerve innervates the lateral aspect of the arm and thumb and is responsible for elbow flexion and forearm pronation and supination. Spondyloarthropathy is the most common cause of lumbosacral radiculopathy, along with disc disease. Other causes include multiple myeloma, metastatic spinal tumours, spinal infections such as vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal cord tumours such as spinal cord meningiomas, although all of these are rare.
A to Z Entries
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The ankle and foot form a complex region containing many joints, which provide flexibility and enable the foot to adapt to its environment. Athletes with chronic ankle instability often protect their ankle with rigid ankle braces that limit the amount of supination. The bones of the foot and ankle are at risk of stress fracture, particularly in runners and military recruits. Key bones are the leg bones – the tibia and fibula – which form the proximal part of the ankle joint, and the foot bones – the talus and the calcaneus. The ankle and foot form a complex structure containing many bones and joints, which provide flexibility and enable the foot to adapt to its environment. The forearm is a unique structure because the two bones within it, the ulna and radius, are able to move from their normal side-by-side position to a crossed position.
Immediate improvements of supination range of motion and strength following pronator teres muscle friction massage: a clinical trial comparing people with and without supination limited motion
Published in Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 2019
Jun-hee Kim, Ui-jae Hwang, Sung-hoon Jung, Gyeong-tae Gwak, Oh-yun Kwon
Objectives: To investigate the effects of friction massage techniques on the pronator teres muscle on supination range of motion (ROM) and supinator strength in individuals with and without limited supination ROM. Methods: In total, 26 subjects (13 with limited supination ROM and 13 healthy subjects) volunteered to participate in this study. We used a customized wrist cuff. Supination ROM and supinator strength were measured with a 9-axis inertial motion sensor and load cell. The friction massage protocol was executed with the pronator teres muscle in a relaxed position. Then supination ROM and supinator strength were measured again. Results: There was no significant interaction effect on supination ROM, which was significantly greater in the limited supination and control groups. A post hoc t-test revealed that the limited supination group achieved a significantly increased post-test supination ROM (51.7 ± 7.8°) compared to the pre-test value (43.6 ± 5.2°). In addition, the control group achieved a significant increase in post-test supination ROM (67.7 ± 10.0°) compared to the pre-test value (61.4 ± 7.7°). There was no significant interaction effect on supinator strength. Supinator strength was significantly greater in the limited supination and control groups. A post hoc t-test revealed a significant difference in supinator strength between the pre- and post-test values in the limited supination group. Discussion: Friction massage helps restore a limited ROM of the forearm supination motion and immediately increases supinator muscle strength. This technique can be used as an intervention method to improve muscle strength in patients with limited supination ROM.
Flexion and Extension Angles of Resting Fingers and Wrist
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2014
Kyung-Sun Lee, Myung-Chul Jung
This study determined flexion and extension angles of resting fingers and wrist in terms of forearm posture (neutral, pronation and supination) and shoulder flexion (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°). The participants participated in 12 angle measurements for 16 finger joints and wrist. The finger joints flexed more in supination than in neutral posture and pronation and the thumb flexed more than the other fingers because of the gravity and skin tension. This phenomenon became more apparent as the shoulder flexed. The carpometacarpal joint had the largest flexion angle in the thumb joints, whereas the proximal interphalangeal joints had the largest flexion angles in the other finger joints. The resting posture of the wrist extended of ~16° in any forearm postures when the shoulder was at 0°. The results of this study could be useful for rehabilitation tool and product designs.
Foot Pain: Biomechanical Basics as a Guide for Assessment and Treatment
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2009
Joseph Schuster, J. Chris Coetzee, Steven D. Stovitz
A large percentage of Americans will likely have a foot problem in their lifetime. Foot pain has a multitude of diagnoses; however, most can be properly diagnosed with a basic understanding of the biomechanics of gait. For pain-free ambulation, human feet go through a series of rotatory motions involving pronation and supination. Pathologic biomechanics are generally divided into excessive pronation or excessive supination. Treatment is often directed at minimizing the pathologic biomechanical forces to assist with pain-free walking.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Carpus
- Muscle
- Synovial Joint
- Intervertebral Disc
- Motor Activity
- Human Body
- Metacarpal