Head and Neck Muscles
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo in Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
On the right side of one infant with trisomy 18, an accessory styloglossus muscle originated from the temporal bone (Bersu and Ramirez-Castro 1977). The accessory styloglossus muscle blended with hyoglossus just below the fibers from the normal styloglossus muscle. In a male neonate with Meckel syndrome, Pettersen (1984) found that both styloglossus muscles originated anterior to the styloid process. On the right side of this specimen, the muscle had an additional origin from an aponeurotic attachment to the stylohyoid ligament. In a fetus with craniorachischisis, Alghamdi et al. (2017) found that the right styloglossus originated from an enlarged styloid process and from the “temporo-occipital” bone. It inserted into the outer side of the mandible lateral to hyoglossus. The left styloglossus was absent.
The spectrum of voice disorders – classification
Stephanie Martin in Working with Voice Disorders, 2020
Many patients report experiencing a feeling of ‘having a lump in their throat’ and, while an occasional sensation of a lump in the throat is relatively common in the presence of strong emotion, when, for example, trying not to cry or when having to ‘swallow one’s feelings’, true globus is usually experienced persistently. Patients will report discomfort, will try to swallow, cough or clear the throat in order to dislodge this sensation. While globus symptoms may have both psychogenic and physical origins, all patients should undergo careful examination to exclude the presence of disease or malignant tumour. Some possible causes of globus, in addition to stress and anxiety, are pharyngeal inflammatory conditions, GORD, abnormal upper oesophageal sphincter function, rare tumours, thyroid disease or previously lodged objects which were not completely removed. Other possible but relatively rarely documented causes, therefore needing more studies to confirm their findings, are temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, an inability to produce enough saliva, cervical osteophytes or bone spurs and Eagle’s syndrome. Eagle’s syndrome is a condition associated with the elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, clinically characterised by throat and neck pain, radiating into the ear.
Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole in Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Several pain syndromes can be imaged and guided with ultrasound to help with proper diagnosis and to decrease risks with interventional procedures. Eagle’s syndrome is caused by pressure on the internal carotid artery and glossopharyngeal nerve, by an abnormally elongated styloid process and/or a calcified stylohyoid ligament. Injection of the attachment of the stylohyoid ligament to the styloid with local anesthetic and steroid will serve as a therapeutic maneuver (Waldman, 2003). In our practice, we use dynamic ultrasound to evaluate the temporomandibular joint, surrounding musculature, and nerves. We also evaluate the vasculature with Doppler ultrasound. Ernest’s syndrome is an insertional tendonosis of the stylomandibular ligament.
Bilateral elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) - a case report and short review
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2022
Arun Panwar, Vaishali Keluskar, Shivayogi Charantimath, Lokesh Kumar S, Sridhar M, Jayapriya T
The styloid process (SP) is a slender bone projecting immediately below the ear. It extends downward and forward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone posterior to the mastoid apex. The tip of the SP is attached to the ipsilateral lesser cornu of the hyoid bone via stylohyoid ligament. All of the aforementioned features constitute the stylohyoid chain. The entire chain is embryologically derived from four cartilages: hypohyale, tympanohyale, stylohyale, and ceratohyale. The SP originates from the second branchial arch (1). The SP can sometimes elongate enough to cause symptoms owing to compression of surrounding the vital anatomical structures. In 1949, Eagle described homonymous syndrome, which is characterized by an ossified stylohyoid ligament or elongated SP (2).
Carotid artery dissection due to an elongated styloid process: A case report and implications for the otolaryngologist
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2022
Keisuke Kondo, Tomosuke Kitagawa, Yuko Hata, Kozo Fukuyama, Keiji Honda
An elongated styloid process (SP) may cause a variety of symptoms, such as pharyngeal pain, painful deglutition, and otalgia. The elongated SP and its symptoms were first described by an American otolaryngologist, Watt W. Eagle, in 1937; this condition is now known as Eagle syndrome. In the last decade, several neurologists have reported variants of Eagle syndrome (i.e. stylocarotid syndrome or styloid-carotid artery syndrome), in which an elongated SP or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament causes compression of the carotid artery. Although this condition can sometimes lead to serious neurological events, it is still relatively unknown to otolaryngologists. Herein, we present a rare case of left cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection caused by an elongated SP.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cartilage
- Hyoglossus
- Hyoid Bone
- Pharynx
- Skull
- Temporal Bone
- Ossification
- Ligament
- Temporal Styloid Process
- Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle