Transformation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells In Vitro
George E. Milo, Bruce C. Casto, Charles F. Shuler in Transformation of Human Epithelial Cells: Molecular and Oncogenetic Mechanisms, 2017
The entire endometrium is derived from the mesodermal germ layer. It is composed primarily of two cell types, glandular epithelial cells and the cells that are specifically designated as “endometrial stromal cells”. Stromal cells are the most numerous cells in the tissue and surround glands and blood vessels. The endometrial stromal cells differ from fibroblasts, which form the stroma of most tissues. They have steroid hormone receptors and respond to hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle with morphological and biochemical changes.6–8 During pregnancy, stromal cells become the decidual cells at the placental implantation site, and in the process they change further to a more differentiated state. They produce large amounts of growth factors (the highest levels of TGF-α in the bodies of pregnant rodents119 which may serve to facilitate fetal development.
Cells and Organs of the Immune System
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla in Textbook of Immunology, 2019
The first step in the establishment of this hemopoietic environment is the formation of the medullary cavity. Primitive mesenchymal cells seed the cavity developing in the cartilage model of the bone. These mesenchymal precursors differentiate into stromal cells. These are a heterogeneous group of non-hemopoietic cells fixed within the marrow. Stromal cells are still undergoing analysis to permit useful classifications of function. Current systems of nomenclature rely on morphology and are inconsistent. Some of the types of stromal cells which have been described include: adipocytes, preadipocytes, fibroblasts, fibroblastoid, endothelioid, epithelioid, and smooth muscle-like. Arteries entering the bone break up into a subendosteal arteriovenous plexus which empties into the medullary sinusoids. Stromal cells and developing blood cells are in intimate contact within the intersinusoidal spaces.
Regeneration of Cardiomyocytes from Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Application to Cell Transplantation Therapy
Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont in Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Recent reports have demonstrated the existence of pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues. Roy et al reported the existence of neural stem cells in the brain that can differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in vitro.5 Marrow stromal cells have been shown to possess many characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells,6 and pluripotent progenitor marrow stromal cells can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts,7,8 myocytes,9 adipocytes, tenocytes, and chondroblasts.10 We recently reported the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes after exposure to 5-azacytidine and the establishment of cell line CMG (cardiomyogenic) that differentiates into cardiomyocytes in vitro.11 CMG cells exhibit spontaneous beating and express atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and they may provide a useful and powerful tool for cardiomyocyte transplantation after further characterization of their cardio-myocyte phenotype.
A review of modern and Vedic practices on use of umbilical cord
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Samriti Khosla, Sarika Verma, Shalika Datta, Sandeep Sharma, Rajeshwar Sharma, Harpreet Walia, Hiteshwari Sabrol, Nishi Madan, Mamta Rani, Nitin Sood, Yashbeer Singh, Vikas Kahol, Puja Rattan, Pranjal Pachpore, Sapna Sethi, Lakhmir Singh, K. K. Raina, R. S. Yadav, Sumedha Dutta, Sisir Roy, K. Parthipan, G. Saidaiah, Rajeshwar Mukherjee, M. Srilatha, Vijeye Devuni, Minoo Aggarwal
Stromal cells are defined as the cell that can regenerate itself to produce more of its type and differentiate to produce specific type cells. Since 1950, stromal cells have been studied as a treatent for various life-threatening diseases through the procedure popularly known as haematopoietic stromal cell transplantation (HSCT) (Juric et al. 2016). There are two basic types of transplant: autologous and allogeneic. In autologous transplant, a person’s own stromal cells are used for therapy. In allogeneic transplant, a donor is used to provide stromal cells to the patient. For allogeneic transplants, tissue type of the donor and recipient should match (Liso et al. 2017). Although cell translation is effective against malignancies as well as for several non-malignant haematologic disorders and cancer therapy, many medical and ethical issues are associated with the most of the methods of stromal cell procurement.
New normal: two aspects of adipose tissue in COVID-19—treat and threat?
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
H. Eray Copcu
There are two types of cells in all organs that make up our body – parenchymal cells responsible for the function of the organ and stromal cells that support them. Stromal cells provide tissue repair and renewal following stress, injury, illness, or aging, that is, from both intrinsic and extrinsic causes [19]. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are defined by the International Society of Cellular Therapy (ISCT) by their (1) ability to adhere to plastic from which they can be expanded in culture in serum-containing medium, (2) cell surface immunophenotype, and (3) ability to differentiate into mesenchymal-derived tissue (adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis) [20]. MSCs are not a pure population of stem cells; the ISCT criteria actually describe MSCs as a heterogeneous, nonclonal mix of multipotent stem cells, committed progenitors, and differentiated cells. This fact prompted a change in nomenclature from ‘mesenchymal stem cell’ to ‘mesenchymal stromal cell’ to better reflect their cellular heterogeneity, although the terms are still used interchangeably [21]. MSCs attract particular attention due to their broad pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, regenerative, pro-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic properties [22].
The Roles of Tissue Rigidity and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Promoting Tumor Growth
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2020
Muhammad Asyaari Zakaria, Nor Fadilah Rajab, Eng Wee Chua, Gayathri Thevi Selvarajah, Siti Fathiah Masre
According to Hanahan and Coussens (37), stromal cells can be categorized into three types: (a) cancer-associated fibroblastic cells (CAFs) such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and adipocytes; (b) angiogenic vascular cells (AVCs) such as endothelial cells and pericytes; and (c) infiltrating immune cells (IICs) such as macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, CD 4T-cells, CD 8T-cells, NK T-cells, B cells, and platelets. CAFs and AVCs are contemporaneous in normal tissue parenchyma prior to tumor development, while IICs are recruited from distal sites to TME after tumor cell growth factors and chemokines have been released (41). The functions of specific stromal cells are summarized in Table 1. Each group of stromal cells plays essential roles that favor tumor growth, and the number of stromal cells may vary depending on the tumor type and location, making each tumor heterogeneously unique (35).