Molecular Mechanisms of Training Effects
Atko Viru in Adaptation in Sports Training, 2017
The above-presented data are collectively rather conclusive that (a) training exercises stimulate an enlargement of cellular structures and correspondingly increase the contents of various proteins, and (b) these processes are specifically related to the training exercises used. Differences in training effects suggest that in the training process the adaptive protein synthesis is utilized in many ways. The main locus of the adaptive protein synthesis varies between tissues and organs. In striated muscle tissue different distribution of the adaptive protein synthesis exists between muscles, and within a muscle between motor units (types of muscle fiber). Within a cell, the adaptive protein synthesis is differently distributed between cellular structures and between individual proteins. In all cases there exist two main determinants of the distribution of the adaptive protein synthesis: The rate of functional activities during exercise performance or in the first stage of the recovery periodThe significance of the organ, muscle, motor unit, cellular structure, and metabolic pathway in acute adaptation to the performed exercise and in the realization of the concrete motor task
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Its Impact on Oxidative Capacity of Muscle
Shamim I. Ahmad in Handbook of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, 2019
Striated muscle tissue is subdivided according to oxidative capacity of fibers: it includes cells with high oxidative capacity such as the heart muscle, cells with higher oxidative capacity (type I and IIA fibers of skeletal muscle) and cells with low oxidative capacity (type IIB/X fibers of skeletal muscle). According to muscle fibers which have high or higher oxidative capacity, intracellular phosphotransfer systems constitute a major mechanism linking the mitochondria and ATPases within specific structure and intracellular energetic units (Seppet et al. 2001; Saks et al. 2004). Mitochondria are located between the contractile structures in muscle fibers with high oxidative capacity (Vendelin et al. 2005). The efficacy of metabolic signalling significantly depends on morpho-functional relationship of the interaction between mitochondria and sarcomeres (Seppet et al. 2005). Hypoxia disturbs the connections between mitochondria and sarcomeres as sarcomeric structures disintegrate the muscle fiber structure and cause destruction and cell death (Seppet et al. 2005). Apoptosis is one of the reasons of the intensive protein degradation and loss of muscle nuclei associated with atrophy of fibers (Dirks and Leeuwenburgh 2005). Disruption of desmin damnifies the linking of mitochondria to Z-disc and skeletal muscle demonstrates impaired oxidative phosphorylation (Saks et al. 2001). The 5ʹ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activates skeletal muscle fibers during acute muscle activity (Aschenbach et al. 2004). Exhaustive muscle activity leads to the depletion of the energy potential, muscular fatigue and destruction of muscle fibers (Abbiss and Laursen 2005).
The movement systems: skeletal and muscular
Nick Draper, Helen Marshall in Exercise Physiology, 2014
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are striated (striped) in appearance, meaning they have microscopic light and dark patches within their structure. These striations are due to the specific arrangement of the proteins that enable muscular contraction. This will become clearer when the structure of skeletal muscle is discussed in the following section. As can be seen from Figure 5.8, smooth muscle is the only non-striated muscle tissue. While skeletal muscle tissue is multi-nucleate, due to its relatively long fibres, cardiac and smooth muscle fibres are shorter and have only one nucleus.
Safety and feasibility of arterial wall targeting with robot-assisted high intensity focused ultrasound: a preclinical study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
M. H. A Groen, F. J. B Slieker, A. Vink, G. J. de Borst, M. V. Simons, E. S. Ebbini, P. A. Doevendans, C. E. V. B. Hazenberg, R. van Es
For the animals with a follow up period, not all slices showed histological effects, as one would expect considering the cutting process. However, for all FUP animals at least one slide per animal showed histological changes. In the cases where the effect of the treatment was histologically visible, different stages of tissue damage and scar tissue formation were observed after 3 and after 14 days FUP. After 3 days FUP, fibrinoid changes with presence of macrophages were observed in the soft tissue between the femoral artery and vein and the adventitial layer of the femoral artery (Figure 5). In addition, focal necrosis of the adjacent striated muscle tissue with inflammatory reaction was observed. In one artery, pyknosis of some smooth muscle cells in the outer layer of the media was observed. After 14 days FUP, discrete scar tissue lesions with abundant fibroblasts were observed in the soft tissue around the artery, the adventitial layer and in a few cases the outer part of the media. In some animals, small scars were observed in the adjacent striated muscle tissue (Figure 6). In one animal there was limited histological damage to a nerve next to the artery with giant cell reaction.
Treatment options from bench to bedside for adult dermatomyositis
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2020
Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo, Fernando Henrique Carlos de Souza
Although skeletal striated muscle tissue is the main target in DM, its involvement is often accompanied by tissue and/or organ impairment as a result of systemic inflammatory processes [4,5]. Therefore, muscle involvement, as well as cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, articular, and cutaneous impairments, is possible [1,2,4,5]. Because of these systemic manifestations associated to a variety of DM manifestations, there is a patient management challenge in clinical practice. Further myositis-specific autoantibodies may be associated with characteristic clinical features along the DM spectrum [6]. Therefore, these autoantibodies can help to better characterize DM phenotypes and consequently guide clinical care and establish that some DM patients are, e.g., at greater risk to cutaneous (e.g., anti-Mi-2 and anti-MDA-5), lung (e.g., anti-MDA-5) or systemic diseases and to neoplasia (e.g., anti-NXP-1 and anti-TIF-1↖?); therefore, it is important to establish appropriate therapy and follow-up.
Effect of nebivolol on altered skeletal and cardiac muscles induced by dyslipidemia in rats: impact on oxidative and inflammatory machineries
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Ghada Farouk Soliman, Omnia Mohamed Abdel-Maksoud, Mohamed Mansour Khalifa, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Walaa Ibrahim, Heba Morsi, Hanan Abdallah, Nermeen Bastawy
Two types of striated muscle tissue exist in the human body: the skeletal and cardiac muscles. Both types share common structural and functional features with some differences, e.g. size (Shadrin et al.2016). The skeletal muscle (40% of body mass) is the most abundant tissue in humans (Yang and Hu 2018). Skeletal muscle impairment leads to physical dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation (Bailey 2013).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Epimysium
- Muscle
- Sarcomere
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Endomysium
- Cardiac Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
- T-Tubule
- Perimysium
- Muscle Fascicle