Cranial Neuropathies I, V, and VII–XII
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Base of the skull: Meningitis (infectious, inflammatory, and carcinomatous).Sarcoidosis.Meningovascular syphilis.Chordoma.Metastases to skull base, nasopharyngeal cancer, and other head and neck cancers.Osseous lesions (e.g. Paget's disease).
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Eye
David W. Hobson in Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
The type of orbit, complete or incomplete, does not necessarily indicate the placement of the eyes within the orbit or the optic axis. For example, the angle between the two eyes in humans and cats is 0 to 20°, humans having a complete and cats an incomplete orbit. In contradistinction, horses have a complete orbit and an optic axis of 70 to 80° and rats have an incomplete orbit and an optic axis of 120 to 130°. The angle of the two orbits differ within species as well. Skull types result in variation of optic axis, as exemplified in dogs with dolicocephalic (elongated noses) contrasted with brachyocephalic (short noses) skull types. The dolicocephalic skull has a more lateral orbital placement while the brachyocephalic animal has an anterior placement. The theory that the hunting animal (dog) has a more anterior ocular placement than the hunted (i.e., rabbit) does not seem completely appropriate when looking at the greyhound, which is reportedly a “sight hound”, with marked lateral placement of its eyes. Lateral placement provides a greater panoramic view for the animal, while anterior placement provides more binocular (stereoscopic) vision. The primate and feline are the most appropriate examples of anterior placement.
Neuroanatomy: Age-related changes
Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor in Essentials of Geriatric Neuroanesthesia, 2019
The skull forms the bony skeleton of the head that protects the brain from external injury. With age, bone remodeling affects the shape of the skull and cortical thickness. Significant cortical thinning occurs in the outer and inner tables of the frontal, occipital, and parietal bones in the elderly (1). In a study evaluating the morphological changes in the skull using three-dimensional geometric analysis from computed tomographic images, it was found that there is a relative expansion of the lateral portions of the skull, primarily in the inferior parietal and temporal regions (2). The anterior and middle cranial fossae compress inward with age, with relative bilateral widening along the lateral edges. This particular structural arrangement alters the biomechanical response of the brain to a head impact and makes the frontal and temporal regions of the brain relatively vulnerable to injury in the elderly.
Biomechanical analysis of mandibular defect reconstruction based on a new base-fixation system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haipo Cui, Liping Gao, Jing Han, Jiannan Liu
The mandible is located below the face and is the only movable bone of the skull. It is mainly involved in important functions such as chewing, swallowing, occlusion, language, and expression. Partial resection of the mandible becomes clinically necessary due to tumor, trauma, cancer, and other factors. In order to maintain the important functions of the mandible after surgery, it needs to be reconstructed. The ideal state of mandibular reconstruction includes the following three requirements: (i) the appearance of the face should be close to normal after restoration; (ii) dentition and occlusal relationships should be normal; (iii) mastication and the language function should be normal or nearly normal (Ciocca et al. 2012; Azuma et al. 2014; Rubio-Palau et al. 2016). At present, fibula free flap grafting is the most common method for repairing mandibular defects. Hidalgo first used the fibula to repair mandibular defects during surgery in 1989 (Hidalgo 1989). The fibula has gradually become the most common donor area for the repair of large-scale defects of the mandibular bone in clinics due to the following characteristics: the sufficient amount of bone tissue that is resident in the fibula, the dual blood supply of the periosteum and the bone flap, the ability to withstand greater masticatory force, the simple preparation of a bone flap, the easier three-dimensional shaping of a bone flap, and its suitability for the implementation of dental implants (Grohmann et al. 2015).
Neurosurgical trauma from E-Scooter usage: a review of early case series in London and a review of the literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2022
Sami Rashed, Anna Vassiliou, James Barber
These case series and the wider literature demonstrate the breadth and severity of neurosurgical trauma related to E-scooter usage documented thus far. In terms of cranial trauma, we see head injuries are frequently cited in the literature and often recorded as the most frequently injured body region with mild head injury/concussion accounting for the greatest proportion of these.10,34,35 However, it is also apparent that a significant amount of head injuries reflect more severe pathologies with ICH representing around 15% of head injuries, of which tSAH was the most common. Skull fractures were also seen in around 15% of the head injury population with skull base and frontal bone fractures the most commonly cited. Spinal trauma appears to occur less frequently than head injuries however a wide range of spinal pathologies from E-scooter usage is seen including acute vertebral compression fractures, central cord syndromes, spinal contusions, and ligamentous injuries. Concordantly the level of intervention required for these injuries is varied between simple wound closures, brace fitting, and neurological observations to immediate neurosurgery, protracted stays in the ITU, and 6 mortalities. Two mortalities were assigned to TBI and one to an occipital bone fracture in the literature.
The chronicle of headache treatment throughout human history from trepanation to perisutural botulinum toxin injections
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Murat Kara, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Yahya Doğan, Ömür Dilek Erdal, Valentina D’Amico, Levent Özçakar
There are sutures in the cranium and they may vary according to morphologically/genetically according to the skull shape. There are also additional or lacking sutures in the cranium. It is proposed that trepanation had been performed far away from the sutures, except in case of cranial trauma around cranial sutures; and more commonly to the frontal and parietal bones, but less to the occipital bone and never to the sphenoid suture [3]. Exceptions to avoiding from suture is cranial traumas [3]. Ancient surgeons wanted to reach to the cranium with trepanation in migraine headaches. Conversely, as the headache most commonly occurs around the perisutural areas, and as the primary pathogenesis stem from the meningeal nerve fibers; collateral sensorial branches of the meningeal nerves can be optimal paths to transport BoNT inside the cranium. As the therapeutic efficacy of injecting the sutures, we anticipate that perisutural injection would be technically challenging with blind techniques and possible only if performed by an imaging method, i.e. high frequency ultrasound [17–19].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Cephalization
- Cranial Cavity
- Mandible
- Skeleton
- Sound Localization
- Stereopsis
- Neurocranium
- Facial Skeleton
- Sensory Nervous System