Role of Wild Plants in Curing and Healing the Skin Diseases
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Wild Plants, 2020
Ethnomedicinal plants have excelled the synthetic medicines due to their fewer side effects, rapid action, and low price. In old times, the magic and superstition overwhelmed the ethnomedicinal practice. Today, the scientific tests have proven the remarkable curative power of many traditionally used herbs. Nowadays, the dangerous and costly drugs are replaced by the safe alternative medication in the form of ethnomedicinal plants. Ethnomedicine has imparted a significant contribution to the world of medicine. Ethnobotany enjoys the features of the wide scope application and understanding of primitive societies and plant utilization. Skin is the most sensitive organ and covers all the body of the human. In all animals and humans, skin serves as the first line of defense, and combats the infection when it tries to enter the body through it. The skin contains numerous specific cells and structures. It is secluded into three rule layers, as epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Each layer has a substitute assignment to do in keeping up the skin prosperity. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the treatment of skin diseases with the help of wild plant extracts, their inhibitory concentrations, active ingredients, and mode of action. So this discussion has confirmed the role of wild plants and their secondary metabolites as therapeutic agents. This herbal treatment saves us from any drug resistance and the side effects of drugs, which is the part and parcel of allopathic treatment.
Use of Cytokines in Dermatotoxicology
Francis N. Marzulli, Howard I. Maibach in Dermatotoxicology Methods: The Laboratory Worker’s Vade Mecum, 2019
There is overwhelming evidence that the cells of the epidermis and dermis produce a variety of cytokines (Table 1). Keratinocytes (KC), which are the most prominent cells in the epidermis, participate in cutaneous immunologic and inflammatory reactions by producing numerous cytokines. Types of cytokines produced include interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, growth factors, and chemotactic factors (Kupper, 1989; Sauder, 1990). In addition to KC, Langerhans cells (LC) also contribute to the epidermal cytokine milieu (Schreiber et al., 1992). Some of the cytokines produced by KC and LC are produced constitutively, while the expression of others requires external or paracrine stimulus. A number of other cell types in the epidermis, including the melanocyte (Zachariae et al., 1991) and epidermal T-cell (Vollmer et al., 1994; Grewe et al., 1995; Hoefakker et al., 1995), can also produce cytokines and can be involved in inflammatory processes in the skin. Moreover, dermal fibroblasts (Williams and Kupper, 1996) and dermal dendritic cells (Nestle et al., 1994) produce cyotokines that are involved in skin inflammatory processes. In the dermis, mast cells are a rich source of multifunctional cytokines that have been shown to influence other cell types (i.e., vascular cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells) in the skin (Galli, 1990; Galli et al., 1991).
Chemotherapy
John Melford in Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
On a daily basis, differentiated cells no longer fit for purpose from normal wear and tear, injury, or disease are killed off to make way for new, fitter cells. It has been estimated that 200 billion new cells are produced every day. The elimination of cells with damaged DNA serves as a major barrier to the development of tumors. Cells that line the digestive system are subjected to harsh conditions such as physical abrasion, stomach acid, and an array of enzymes and chemicals. Not surprisingly, these become damaged and need to be replaced every four days or so. Skin cells last for 21 days. Red blood cells that are squirted around the body through narrow capillary blood vessels at pace last for 120 days before being replaced. These live for a relatively long period of time so their numbers are not as severely depleted by chemotherapy as white blood cells, which take a hit, leading to the risk of infections. In worst-case scenarios, this can lead to life-threatening infections that may need to be treated with antibiotics. Reduction of cell division primarily accounts for the side effects of chemotherapy including sickness, tiredness, and hair loss.
Relationships between the changes of skin temperature and radiation skin injury
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019
Wanqi Zhu, Li Jia, Guanxuan Chen, Xiaolin Li, Xiangjiao Meng, Ligang Xing, Hanxi Zhao
The skin is a functional organ acting on temperature control. Increased local skin temperature indicates augment of blood perfusion or vascularization, which can reflect changes in metabolic activity or inflammation [13,14]. An increase in temperature is emitted as infrared radiation, which can be measured by infrared thermal imager, such as FLIR. Since 1982, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved infrared thermography as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of breast cancer [15]. With the development of high-resolution digitalized images and image analysis system, it is more sensitive to temperature changes at 0.08 °C and has a high sensitivity of 100% in detecting malignant tumors without direct contact with patient. Recently, more and more studies have focused on another application area, such as the assessment of breast reconstruction, severe hidradenitis suppurativa, burn wound and glucocorticoid-induced obesity [13,16–19]. Positive conclusions are obtained in most studies.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulation on ischemic skin model
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Ja-Woo Lee, Jun-Young Kim, Na-Ra Lee, Yong-Heum Lee
The skin is the outer skin of the body, which protects the body, feels the touch, regulates temperature. Skin can lead to necrosis due to disorders such as peripheral tissues, nerves, blood vessels, etc.(Hidalgo et al. 2016; Khanolkar et al. 2008; Laing 1998; Macedo and Santos 2007; Yarkony 1994), which can cause various secondary diseases such as inflammation and pain. Various blood circulation disorders such as ischemia can cause skin necrosis over time, which causes various side effects (Kerrigan 1983). Various methods are being studied as methods for treating skin necrosis, but there are typically pharmacological methods (da Silva Duarte et al. 1998; Davis et al. 1999; Gherardini et al. 1999; Kamada and Kenzaka 2019; Karimi et al. 2017) and low-level laser treatment methods (Junior et al. 2012; Prado et al. 2006), and both methods mainly use improvement of blood circulation to solve problems. However, in the case of the pharmacological method, there is a high probability of side effects, and in the case of the low-level laser treatment method, there is a limitation in that it is difficult to stimulate deep tissue due to the light scattering property.
A topical formulation containing quercetin-loaded microcapsules protects against oxidative and inflammatory skin alterations triggered by UVB irradiation: enhancement of activity by microencapsulation
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
David L. Vale, Renata M. Martinez, Daniela C. Medeiros, Camila da Rocha, Natália Sfeir, Renata F. V. Lopez, Fabiana T. M. C. Vicentini, Waldiceu A. Verri, Sandra R. Georgetti, Marcela M. Baracat, Rúbia Casagrande
The skin has multiple protective functions to our body including thermoregulation and protection against dehydration and the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. These properties depend on anatomic and histological characteristics of the organ, which presents a viable skin layer structure located just below the stratum corneum, stratified epithelial cells called keratinocytes and other cells with specific functions, such as production of melanin (melanocytes), sensory perception (Merkel cells) and immunological functions (Langerhans cells and other cells) [1]. The protection from UV irradiation is provided mainly by the endogenous antioxidants present in the viable skin layers, such as glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione and catalase [2,3]. However, there are limitations in the endogenous antioxidant protection of the skin since they can be overwhelmed by excessive UV irradiation exposition, thus, making the skin vulnerable to the attack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [4]. The formation of ROS can cause acute deleterious effects including the lipid peroxidation, neutrophil recruitment and accumulation that further produces ROS, release of cytokines orchestrating the immune response, increase of metalloproteinase enzymes and also chronic effects such as photoaging and photocarcinogenesis [5–8].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Bone
- Cuticle
- Ectoderm
- Muscle
- Tissue
- Integumentary System
- Cellular Differentiation
- Ligament
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- Chemical Composition