Lower airway bronchoscopic interpretation
Don Hayes, Kara D. Meister in Pediatric Bronchoscopy for Clinicians, 2023
Bronchial compression, like tracheal compression, is caused by an extrinsic force on the bronchus, resulting in the narrowing of the lumen.Mass effect lesions, such as a tumor or an enlarged lymph node, can result in bronchial compression. Blood vessels and vascular rings generally affect the trachea and are less likely to cause bronchial compression.23Thoracic scoliosis can result in bronchial compression from the spine and blood vessels or structures due to rotation and distortion of their anatomic location.In infants and young children, there is often a mild compression of the left-sided airways due to the heart.24
The Natural History of Congenital Scoliosis *
Alexander R. Vaccaro, Charles G. Fisher, Jefferson R. Wilson in 50 Landmark Papers, 2018
Of the 216 patients who were followed over time, there were more females than males (179 versus 72); 108 had no treatment during the study period while the remaining 108 did not require treatment. Of the original 251 patients, 95% had a single congenital curve, while the remaining had more than one. The diagnosis of congenital scoliosis was made most commonly either in the very young age group (birth to 2 years, 30.7%) or in the older age group (between 9 and 14 years, 27.1%), and curve severity did not correlate with age of presentation. Of the 251 patients, 173 (68.9%) were seen at <10 years of age, and the average curve magnitude at presentation was evenly distributed in four groups: ≤20° (22%), 21°–39° (27%), 40°–60° (24%), and >60° (27%). The curves were classified into the following five types: 102 curves (37.9%) having a unilateral unsegmented bar, 28 (10.4%) having a bar with a contralateral hemivertebra, 13 (4.8%) having a block vertebra, 88 (32.7%) having an isolated hemivertebra, and 9 (3.3%) patients having a wedge vertebra. Twenty-nine curves were unclassified because they had multiple congenital anomalies of the spine.
Low Back Pain
Andrew Stevens, James Raftery in Low Back Pain Health Care Needs Assessment, 2018
Other clinical or spinal disease classifications of low back pain are used by clinicians, surgeons or therapists to justify therapy or to link assumed structural or functional abnormalities of the spine to low back pain. The approach taken in this chapter is that none of these classifications is of proven general use or help in the broad sub-categorizing of low back pain, although this does not imply a judgement on the therapies associated with them. The treatment of spinal disorders such as scoliosis is particularly problematic in this regard because the treatment of the spinal deformity per se is an issue separate to the management of low back pain. The links between low back pain and scoliosis and between low back pain and many other structural abnormalities of the spine are weak and unclear.33,34
Locoregional lung ventilation distribution in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy adolescents. The immediate effect of Schroth ‘derotational breathing’ exercise in a controlled-trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2023
Mercedes David, Maxime Raison, Stéphanie Paul, Olivier Cartiaux, Christine Detrembleur, Philippe Mahaudens
Some authors have advanced the interdependency between the severity of scoliosis and ventilation parameters (Tsiligiannis and Grivas, 2012). To others, a relationship exists between these latter ventilation parameters and rib cage deformations (Leong, Lu, Luk, and Karlberg, 1999). These considerations do not rule out the possibility of asymmetric locoregional lung ventilation distribution in patients with more severe AIS. As our results focused on mild-to-moderate scoliosis, future studies should be conducted in patients with more severe AIS to assess the effect of derotational breathing on the severity of scoliosis. Additionally, considering that the greater the vertebral rotation is, the more pronounced the rib cage rotation (Closkey and Schultz, 1993), one avenue for future research may also be whether the effect of derotational breathing on locoregional lung ventilation distribution may be inherent to the relevance of the parameter considered to evaluate scoliosis severity (i.e. Cobb angle versus the apical vertebral rotation) (Perdriolle and Vidal, 1985).
Development of a flexible instrumented lumbar spine finite element model and comparison with in-vitro experiments
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Aleksander Leszczynski, Frank Meyer, Yann-Philippe Charles, Caroline Deck, Rémy Willinger
Scoliosis in adults is associated with pain and disability and affects 9% of the adult population (Kebaish et al. 2011). In severe cases, posterior spinal fusion surgery can improve a patient’s quality of life (Bridwell et al. 2009; Smith et al. 2016). Various surgical methods exist for correcting scoliosis; they mainly depend on coronal and sagittal spinal alignment as well as curve flexibility. Flexible spines are corrected by posterior pedicle screw instrumentation, which can be supported by anterior fusion using interbody cages. In stiffer deformities, additional Ponte osteotomies or pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO) might be required to enable larger corrections of sagittal and coronal alignments (Savage and Patel 2014). However, long-term mechanical complication rates range between 8.4% and 27.8% (Yadla et al. 2010; Schwab et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2016; Soroceanu et al. 2016). Pseudarthrosis with rod failure is indeed a frequent implant-related complication (Soroceanu et al. 2015; Smith et al. 2016).
The effect of orthotic interventions on balance performance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic literature review
Published in Assistive Technology, 2020
Masomeh Veis Karami, Atefeh Aboutorabi, Kaveh Ebrahimzadeh, Mokhtar Arazpour, Ehsan Asare
Although some studies reported general improvement in balance parameters when using a brace, this difference was not significant (Chow et al., 2007; Paolucci et al., 2013; Sadeghi et al., 2008a). Sadeghi et al. reported that there were no differences in the CoP excursion with use of a Boston brace and unbraced conditions (Sadeghi et al., 2008a), which was consistent with previously reported studies by Sahlstrand et al. (1978) and Adler et al. (1986), who found no significant difference in the sway area of AIS subjects without and with a brace, when corrective forces acting on the spine through three point pressure system. The possible reasons for this may be related to the complex multifactorial nature of idiopathic scoliosis, posture issues and balance control. Furthermore Simoneau, Richer, Mercier, Allard, and Teasdale (2006) showed that AIS subjects rely much more on ankle proprioception for balance control than healthy people.
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