Anatomical Terminology
A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson in Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers, 2016
Three planes of the body are used extensively for descriptions of positioning both in plain X-ray imaging as well as other cross-sectional imaging techniques. The planes described are mutually at right angles to each other. Median sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.Any plane parallel to this, but dividing the body into unequal right and left portions, is simply known as a sagittal plane or parasagittal plane.Coronal plane divides the body into an anterior part and a posterior part.Transverse or axial plane divides the body into a superior part and an inferior part.
Fundamentals
Clare E. Milner in Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
All joint movements can be considered to be rotations about an axis, like a door moving around the pins of its hinges, as one segment rotates about the other. There are three anatomical axes which are associated with the three cardinal planes. The flexion-extension movement that can be seen in the sagittal plane is rotation about a mediolateral axis. This axis lies parallel to the frontal plane and perpendicular to the sagittal plane. It runs from side-to-side across the joint and is occasionally referred to as the frontal axis. The abduction-adduction movement in the frontal plane is rotation about an anteroposterior axis. This axis lies parallel to the sagittal plane and perpendicular to the frontal plane and is occasionally called the sagittal axis. Third, internal and external rotations are about a vertical axis. This axis is parallel to both the frontal and sagittal planes and perpendicular to the transverse plane. It is also referred to as the longitudinal, or long, axis.
Biomechanics of the foot and ankle
Maneesh Bhatia in Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
The three cardinal planes of motion of the body are sagittal, coronal and transverse, and rotation in each plane occurs about an axis perpendicular to the plane. Hence, flexion-extension in the sagittal plane occurs about a mediolateral axis, abduction-adduction in the coronal plane occurs about an anterior-posterior axis and internal-external rotation in the transverse plane occurs about a longitudinal axis. In regard to the foot, rotation in sagittal plane is referred to as dorsiflexion-plantarflexion, rotation in coronal plane is termed inversion-eversion and rotation in transverse plane is called abduction-adduction. The motions in coronal and transverse planes are different to the rest of the appendicular skeleton because foot is oriented 90° to the leg.1 It is customary to describe hind foot motion with standard nomenclature and forefoot motion with the amended terms (Figure 3.1).
Customized k-nearest neighbourhood analysis in the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using 3D markerless asymmetry analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Maliheh Ghaneei, Ronald Ekyalimpa, Lindsey Westover, Eric C. Parent, Samer Adeeb
The cosmetic deformity associated with AIS involves torso asymmetry. A person with no spinal curvature is approximately symmetric across the midsagittal plane, which means that the person’s torso and its reflection along this plane are almost perfectly aligned (Ho et al. 2015). However, for a person with an asymmetric torso, the sagittal plane is no longer a plane of symmetry. Our method takes advantage of the best plane of symmetry identification method introduced by Hill et al. (2014) to assess the deformity of the scoliotic spine. The best plane of symmetry is roughly aligned with the midsagittal plane; however, the actual plane is determined by minimizing the sum of distances between the patient’s torso and its bilateral reflection (Komeili et al. 2014). The asymmetry is then illustrated using a deviation contour map plotted on the patient’s torso. The effects of the spinal curvature are visualized in terms of dense colour areas called deviation patches containing many points whose colours represent the distance between the original and reflected torsos, depicting both areas of protrusion or depression relative to the other side (Komeili et al. 2014). The maximum and root mean square of these deviations are computed as asymmetry parameters (MaxDev and RMS, respectively). These asymmetry parameters have been compared with the Cobb angle measured in the corresponding region of the torso to create decision trees predicting curve severity on a given test day and progression between consecutive examinations (Komeili et al. 2014, 2015b; Ghaneei et al. 2018).
Three-dimensional analysis of acetabular orientation using a semi-automated algorithm
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2019
Changhwan Lee, Jongseong Jang, Hyung Wook Kim, Young Soo Kim, Yeesuk Kim
In the first phase, we used an iterative method to determine the pelvic coordinate system according to the method of Lee et al. [8] (Figure 1). This method is useful for measuring the anterior pelvic plane (APP), as it has favorable intra-observer reliability (ICCs =1), and the results from this method are similar to those determined by an experienced surgeon (ICCs ≥0.937). The APP was defined as the tangential plane of the pelvis determined by four pelvic landmarks: the right and left anterior superior iliac spines and the right and left pubic tubercles. Four ROI boxes for each landmark were defined manually by the user in 3-D space. After that, the landmarks were determined by an iterative compensation algorithm of the pelvic pose. The algorithm proceeded by decreasing the difference in angle between the estimated APP of the current iteration and that of the previous iteration. The iteration was stopped when the angle was less than one degree (<1°). Each landmark from the last iteration was the most ventral point with respect to the patient and was defined as the true landmark, and the APP was estimated using the least square method [9]. The sagittal plane was generated by the line connecting the two midpoints of the bilateral anatomical landmarks and the normal vector of the APP. The axial plane was perpendicular to both coronal and sagittal planes.
The Influence of Countermovements on Inter-Segmental Coordination and Mechanical Energy Transfer during Vertical Jumping
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Devon H. Frayne, John L. Zettel, Tyson A. C. Beach, Stephen H. M. Brown
The analyses in this study were limited to two-dimensional sagittal plane measures, since most movement occurs in this plane in vertical jumping. In fact, many previous studies consider only the sagittal plane because that is the primary plane of the net joint moments responsible for vertical center of mass propulsion. However, frontal and transverse plane motion may disproportionately influence mechanical energy transfer during short-term activities compared to those of longer duration. This is easily dealt with in mechanical energy calculations since the inputs are scalar values. However, combining multi-axis kinematic coordination patterns would pose a problem because the inputs in CRP analyses are vectors and do not merely sum together to represent a “general motion” quantity. The challenge, then, is to combine coordination of multi-axis movements into a lower dimensional quantity that can be statistically compared to mechanical energy. Skill in vertical jumping may influence these results because the training status and skill level of participants were not controlled for in this investigation. Examining a more homogenous group of trained jumpers may allow for further discrimination between jump types with respect to inter-segmental coordination patterns and mechanical energy transfer.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Coronal Plane
- Median Plane
- Abdomen
- Vertebral Column
- Anatomical Plane
- Transverse Plane
- Symmetry In Biology
- Navel
- Transumbilical Plane
- Quadrants & Regions of Abdomen