Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
The heart acts as a pump with a filter (lung) that controls blood circulation and purification in a definite pattern. It is well-known that human heart has four chambers; the right and left atrium and the right and left ventricle. Blood flow, through the systemic system, enters from the right side of the atrium and into the right ventricle. The systemic circuit is the part of the system which carries blood away from the heart and towards the organs until it once again reaches the heart. After leaving the right ventricle blood enters the pulmonary trunk, into the pulmonary circuit, and circulates until the blood once again enters the heart through the left atrium. The pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and returns oxygen rich blood to the left atrium (How the Heart Works, 2018). The blood that leaves the left atrium then enters the left ventricle which then enters the systemic circuit once again. Oral medication and nutrients are transported by blood leading from the digestive tract and into the liver. After absorption the medication is distributed throughout the body by blood to the targeted organ and other organs (Medicines by Design, 2018).
Left Atrium
Takahiro Shiota in 3D Echocardiography, 2020
The left atrium (LA) is one of the four chambers of the heart receiving oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins before filling the left ventricle. The LA is routinely imaged by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, computed tomography (CT) scan, or more often by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) giving a higher accurate resolution owing to the proximity of the LA. The LA has a complex anatomy and function, and 3D echocardiography enables an easier, accurate, and reproducible interpretation of the LA, overcoming the intrinsic limitations of conventional echocardiography. One major advantage of 3D echocardiography is the en face view giving realistic appreciation of the normal anatomy and diseased LA from an unprecedented perspective while the heart is beating. Another benefit is the LA time-varying volume measurement with a high level of accuracy and reproducibility with limited geometric assumptions. The production of C-planes from any perspective within the 3D volume acquisition is another improvement of the appreciation of LA anatomy and function but is less utilized in clinical practice.
Fundamentals
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam in Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Heart is a complex pumping muscle with four chambers and four valves as shown in Figure 2.45. Right-side of a heart is separated from the left-side of the heart using a thick muscle called a septum. Heart chambers are covered by thick muscles. The upper chambers are called atria, and the lower chambers are called ventricles. Right-ventricle is connected to lungs via a pulmonary artery to carry oxygen-depleted blood to lungs. Right-atrium is connected to the rest to the body via two major veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood to heart. Left-atrium is connected with the lungs via pulmonary veins that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. Left-ventricle is connected with the body through the aorta – the major artery connecting a heart to the rest to the body.
First Trimester Prenatal Diagnosis of a Conotruncal Anomaly Using Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Imaging Confirmed by Conventional Autopsy
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Balaganesh Karmegaraj, Vani Udhayakumar, Gigi Selvan
External examination of the fetus showed no obvious congenital anomalies. The heart was dissected using the approach described by Erickson [4] and described according to the sequential segmental analysis proposed by Anderson et al. [5] There was usual arrangement of the abdominal and thoracic organs. The heart was in the left hemithorax (Figure 2A). The inferior caval vein was intact and drained into the right sided atrium. There were bilateral superior caval veins with no bridging vein, right sided aortic arch with mirror image branching and normal thymus gland (Figure 2B-D) The pulmonary veins drained normally into the left sided atrium. The right sided atrial appendage was larger and more pyramidal (Figure 2A). The left sided atrial appendage was finger like (Figure 2B). The right atrium opened into the anterior ventricle through a morphologically normal tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular connection was normal. There was a large subaortic VSD (Figure 2D) and great arteries disproportion [main pulmonary artery (MPA) < Ascending Aorta (AO)] (Figure 2B). The MPA arose from the left side of the ascending aorta with confluent branch pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus was absent confirming the diagnosis of Type I Truncus arteriosus. (Figure 3 (E-G)). Retrospective rendering of the stored STIC movies confirmed the origin of MPA from the left side of AO (Figure 1 E&F).
Propulsion of blood through the right heart circulatory system
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2018
Torvind Næsheim, Ole-Jakob How, Truls Myrmel
Various physiological studies have investigated the potential unique hemodynamic functions of the right atrium. Suga in his modelling work [24] described the right atrium as a “compliance chamber” contributing to an increased cardiac output through a volume reservoir, but experimental evidence to support such a function seems to be lacking. In a study using sheep and conductance catheter technology [21], Gaynor and coworkers assessed the reservoir and conduit function of the right atrium during inotropic stimulation, pericardectomy and pulmonary arterial occlusion. They suggested that the conduit/reservoir ratio determines cardiac output. However, in this study pericardectomy and partial pulmonary artery occlusion had the same effect on this ratio, but opposite effects on cardiac output. Thus, experimental [21,26], clinical [23,25] and echocardiographic data [19,22] are all in concert with a simple conduit function of the right atrium reflecting the pressure-volume status of the venous system, right ventricle and pulmonary circulation. From a clinical point of view, echocardiographic and pressure data from the right atrium thus mirror the integrated right sided circulation.
Management of congenitally corrected transposition from fetal diagnosis to adulthood
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2023
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a complex congenital heart disease first described from an autopsy by a Bohemian pathologist working in Vienna, Karl von Rokitansky, in 1875 [1]. The anomaly is characterized by atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial discordance [2]. Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium flows through the mitral valve into the morphological left ventricle, which gives rise to the pulmonary artery. Then, oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium that communicates with the morphological tricuspid valve and right ventricle, that is connected to the aorta. The aorta is located usually anterior and to the left. Consequently, the double discordance results in hemodynamic compensation, but the morphologically right ventricle works as systemic ventricle (systemic right ventricle, sRV). The most common anomalies are ventricular septal defect, pulmonary or subpulmonary stenosis, and systemic atrioventricular (morphological tricuspid) valve abnormalities [3] (Table 1). Additionally, cardiac malposition (dextrocardia or mesocardia) occurs in up to one-third of the patients. Associated malformations, especially the Ebstein-like anomaly of the systemic atrioventricular valve, have a significant impact on the clinical course of the disease. Conduction disturbances, including complete atrio-ventricular block, are another common cause of increased morbidity in ccTGA patients and might be the first manifestation of the disease.