The Musculoskeletal System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs to form the thorax or chest cavity. The upper seven ribs also join in the front of the body with the breast bone or sternum. The eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs are known as vertebrochondral ribs because they join the cartilage of the seventh rib (chondro- denotes cartilage). The lowest two ribs are referred to as floating ribs because they are not connected in front. The pelvic girdle includes the sacrum and coccyx and joins with the vertebral column above and the thigh bones or femurs below.
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak in Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Bone is a composite of stringy collagen strands, which can be compared to the steel rebar in concrete, and a stronger solidified, mineralized core, which contains a higher content of calcium, again in a similar way to concrete. However, bone is a living tissue that, although it may look inactive at first glance, is persistently breaking down and reforming new bone so that it remains adapted to mechanical burdens and stresses. The human body made up of 206 bones and other connective tissues called tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Bones are connected to each other by ligaments whereas tendons connect bones to muscles, and cartilage furnishes bones with greater flexibility and acts as a cushion in the joints between bones. The skeleton gives protection and structural support for all the other organ systems in the body. The skull, or cranium, protects the eyes, ears, and brain. The ribs help to form a cage that surrounds and protects the lungs and heart. In addition to this, red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets are synthesized in bone marrow. Bones also contain a complex network of canals, blood vessels, and nerves that provide storage for minerals, such as calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium, allowing nutrient transport and contact with other organ systems (Mine & Shahidi 2005).
Regional injuries and patterns of injury
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Blunt injury may result in fractures of the ribs. The fracture of a few ribs is unlikely to have much effect, other than causing pain, in a fit adult. In an individual with respiratory disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) there are greater risks for the development of respiratory compromise or infection. If there are numerous rib fractures, and particularly if they are in adjacent ribs, the functional integrity of the chest wall may be compromised, limiting respiratory capabilities even in fit individuals. Two fractures to a number of adjacent ribs may result in the so-called ‘flail’ chest where, clinically, the area between the fractures may be seen to move inwards on inspiration – paradoxical respiration (Figure 10.15). The clinical effects of such injuries depend on their extent and on the respiratory reserve of the individual: an elderly man with chronic lung disease may be tipped into terminal respiratory failure by injuries that would only be a painful irritant to a fit young man. Trauma that has fractured left sided 10th, 11th and 12th ribs may be substantial enough to cause injury to the underlying spleen.
“Undercutting of the corresponding rib”: a novel technique of increasing the length of donor in intercostal to musculocutaneous nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Kuntal Kanti Das, Jeena Joseph, Jaskaran Singh Gosal, Deepak Khatri, Pawan Verma, Awadhesh K Jaiswal, Arun K Srivastava, Sanjay Behari
The gain in the length of the donor has numerous implications and include a tensionless co-aptation, avoidance of distal narrower nerve ends containing fewer fascicles and the possibility of taking the anastomosis a couple of centimeters closer to the target muscle. In nerve re-generation, every centimeter of length gained matters! The question is whether the similar gain in length is obtained without undercutting the rib? Upward retraction of the rib and counter traction on the ICN using a nerve loop can sometimes allow the nerve in the costal groove to be brought into view. We also agree this is the case in the majority of the cases. However, undercutting of the rib, as we propose, allows nerve mobilization with much more ease and the few millimeters of rib resected shortens the distance to be covered further when the nerve is re-routed along the trough created. For lengthening of the donor nerve, the portions of the origin of serratus anterior muscle from the ribs used to be cut and then sutured back.8 This can not only hamper the function of the serratus (if it was intact preoperatively) but also can lead to fibrosis around the respective donor ICNs.
Stress fracture of the manubrium sterni during parallel bar dips
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Merve Demir Benli
In order to better understand the manubrium stress fracture cases, it is correct to first examine the sternum and the anatomy of the muscles attached to the sternum in detail. The upper part of the sternum bone is called the manubrium, the middle part is called the body, and the lower part is called the xiphoid process. The body of the sternum and the manubrium are connected at a certain angle and this area is called the symphysis manubriosternalis. The ribs are attached to the sternum by the costal cartilages. The first rib articulates with the manubrium, the second rib articulates with the symphysis manubriosternalis, and 3rd-7th ribs articulate with the body of the sternum. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is attached anteriorly to the manubrium, and the sternohyoid and the sternothyroid muscles are attached posteriorly to the manubrium. The transversus thoracis muscle is attached posteriorly to the body of the sternum. The PM muscle attaches anteriorly to the sternum along the manubrium and sternum [10].
Modular incorporation of deformable spine and 3D neck musculature into a simplified human body finite element model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Mitesh Lalwala, Bharath Koya, Karan Devane, F. Scott Gayzik, Ashley A. Weaver
Though development of the detailed and simplified GHBMC models has been reported previously (Gayzik et al. 2011; Gayzik et al. 2012; Schwartz et al. 2015), the approach for the spine and neck muscle modeling in these two models is briefly revisited here. In the detailed models, vertebrae are modeled as a 3D mesh with the inner under-integrated hexahedral solid elements representing cancellous bone and the outer under-integrated quadrilateral shell elements representing cortical bone with LS-DYNA (r10.2.0, ANSYS, Inc., Livermore, CA) plastic kinematic material model *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC. Vertebral bodies are connected using the detailed intervertebral discs comprising the annulus fibrosus (under-integrated hexahedral solid elements with *MAT_HILL_FOAM) and nucleus pulposus (under-integrated hexahedral solid elements with *MAT_ELASTIC_FLUID) (Figure 1(A)). Ribs are connected to the thoracic vertebrae using radiate (under-integrated quadrilateral shell elements with *MAT_FABRIC) and costotransverse ligaments (beam elements with *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM). Neck muscles are modeled using 3D solid under-integrated hexahedral elements with passive viscoelastic material with *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM. The deformable spine in the detailed model has been extensively validated in both functional spinal units and full-body tests to ensure its bio-fidelity (Elemance LLC 2021a).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Animal
- Bone
- Endoskeleton
- Thorax
- Sternum
- Lung
- Vertebral Column
- Heart
- Rib
- Great Vessels