The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss in Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
The glandular portion of the kidney that surrounds the structures of the renal sinus is divided into the medulla and the cortex [Figure 11.1(B)], The medullary portion consists of a series of conical structures called renal pyramids with their blunted points facing in toward the renal sinus. The blunted end of each renal pyramid is perforated by the openings of ducts and projects into a minor calyx. The cortex lies between the bases of these pyramids and the capsule or surface of the kidney and projects between the pyramids in the renal columns.
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Kidneys and Ureters
Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple in Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
The kidney consists of (Figure 8.4):The outer cortex and inner medulla.A collecting system of calyces and renal pelvis draining into the ureter.Renal medulla − made up of conically shaped ‘pyramids’.Pyramid bases point laterally.The pyramid apex points to the renal papilla as it enters its individual minor calyx.
Familial Wilms Tumor and Related Syndromes
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs (of 10–12 cm in length, 5–7 cm in width, 2–3 cm in thickness, and 135–150 g in weight) that are located along the posterior muscular wall of the abdominal cavity. Covered by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue (the renal capsule), the kidneys comprise an outlayer of soft, dense, vascular renal cortex, and an inner renal medulla, the latter of which is composed of seven cone-shaped renal pyramids separated by the cortical tissue (called renal columns of Bertin). Each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons (the functional units), which are made of renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle comprises the capillaries of the glomerulus that is surrounded by the glomerular capsule (or Bowman's capsule, a cup-shaped double layer of simple squamous epithelium with a hollow space between the layers). The glomerulus consists of podocytes and a basement membrane allowing water and certain solutes to be filtered across. Podocytes form a thin filter with the endothelium of the capillaries to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. The outer layer of the glomerular capsule keeps the urine separated from the blood within the capsule. At the far end of the glomerular capsule is the mouth of the renal tubule, which carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis.
Aging erythrocyte membranes as biomimetic nanometer carriers of liver-targeting chromium poisoning treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Qing Yao, Guobao Yang, Hao Wang, Jingzhou Liu, Jinpeng Zheng, Bai Lv, Meiyan Yang, Yang Yang, Chunsheng Gao, Yongxue Guo
Mice were intravenously injected with K2CrO4, and the treatment was started on the 8th day. After 14 days, HE staining of the sections of the main organs of the mice was observed, as shown in Figure 4(E). The liver and lungs of the K2CrO4 poisoning group were damaged to a certain extent. The liver, spleen, and lung tissues of the free-DMSA, DMSA-NLC, and AEM-DMSA-NP groups (compared to the K2CrO4-infected group) were not significantly affected. The HE staining of muscle fibers in each heart tissue was uniform, the epicardium was not thickened, some muscle spaces were not significantly enlarged or smaller, myocardial nuclei were round or oval, the transverse striations of muscle fibers were clear, and no eosinophilic lesions were seen in the muscle fibers (Huang et al., 2018). In the renal tissue, the renal capsule was smooth, the boundary between the cortex and medulla was obvious, the glomeruli in the renal cortex were normal and evenly distributed, and no obvious changes were observed in the renal medulla area. The brain tissue of each group was clear, the nerve cells were closely arranged, the nucleus was clear, and the cytoplasmic nucleus was clearly stained. The results showed that DMSA had low toxicity and a good effect on detoxifying chromium poisoning.
Contrast enhanced ultrasound characterization of surgically resected renal masses in patients on dialysis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2019
Amanda E. Kahn, Andrew K. Ostrowski, Melanie P. Caserta, Isabella J. Galler, David D. Thiel
Due to high blood flow to the kidneys, the kidneys demonstrate rapid and intense uptake of UCA. The typical contrast enhancement pattern of the kidneys shows enhancement of the arteries followed by rapid fill in of the cortex and gradual fill of the renal pyramids. Ultrasound has excellent sensitivity for detection of UCA and is more sensitive than CECT in detecting blood flow to hypovascular masses [3,4]. CEUS is an excellent modality for evaluating indeterminate renal masses identified on computed tomography (CT) and MRI and it excels at characterizing indeterminate lesions as cystic or solid. Assessment of cystic renal lesions is another frequent application of CEUS. CEUS characterization of complex cystic masses is more sensitive than CT in detecting enhancement of internal septa, cyst wall enhancement, and enhancing solid components within the cyst [3,5,6]. There is an overlap between the enhancement features of benign and malignant solid renal lesions with ultrasound; however, there are some features suggestive of malignancy. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma typically demonstrates heterogeneous avid early enhancement, a peripheral rim of enhancement, and early washout. Conversely, papillary renal cell carcinoma is typically hypoenhancing to the renal cortex on all phases [6].
Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica leaves ethanolic extract against diabetic nephropathy in rats neonatally induced by streptozotocin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M.B. Saleh, Amany Attaallah , Reham A. Gahnem
The renal sections from control (Figure 2A&A1) and neem supplemented (Figure 2B&B1) rats appeared with normal histological architecture whereas it is differentiated into outer cortex and inner medulla. The renal cortex displayed well-organized renal corpuscles and tubules. The renal corpuscle consists of glomerulus that is surrounded by Bowman’s space and intact Bowman’s capsule that lined with simple squamous epithelium. The renal tubules represented by proximal tubules (PT), distal tubules (DT) and collecting ducts (CD). The PT is characterized by its star-shaped lumen that is lined with brush bordered cubical epithelium. Moreover, the DT has relatively rounded lumen that lined by cubical epithelium with little microvilli. The CD lined with short cubical epithelium and has a relatively wider lumen than the PT and DT. The renal medulla displayed well-organized collecting ducts and Henel,s loops.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Collecting Duct System
- Distal Convoluted Tubule
- Glomerulus
- Interlobar Arteries
- Interlobular Arteries
- Loop of Henle
- Proximal Tubule
- Kidney
- Arcuate Arteries of The Kidney
- Serum
- Loop of Henle